tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40643779874691687842024-03-08T08:01:05.557-08:00How to write academic essaysWhat Is Research Papersharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.comBlogger63125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-17198866583293231492020-08-25T23:46:00.001-07:002020-08-25T23:46:18.758-07:00Case of Genie Essay1.Describe the instance of Genie. What befell her? For what reason is this case significant? Genie was left in outrageous disconnection. She was kept in a back bedroom,tied to a latrine. She got little incitement of any sort and was taken care of infant food.She was given no visual or other tactile stimulation.This case shows that early stages and youth are crucial occasions for mental health. 2.What have researchers found out about the way that the cerebrum creates in youngsters? Depict how this advancement occurs. They have discovered that there are basic periods for mental health. They found that guardians fill an imperative job in the advancement of their childââ¬â¢s mind through their associations with the child.Parents and parental figures must give legitimate incitement to help create associations. Researchers accepted that childrenââ¬â¢s cerebrums were foreordained by and large regarding how they would create. Notwithstanding, researchers presently realize that an infantââ¬â¢s encounters help decide how associations are framed and which pathways will create in the cerebrum. Along these lines, as opposed to being foreordained, an infantââ¬â¢s mind is a work in progress, affected by their hereditary qualities, yet in addition the encompassing scene. 3.Describe how discourse creating gadgets work. Clarify the significance of augmentive correspondence. Discourse producing gadgets are electronic gadgets that assist people with imparting verbally. Augmentive correspondence is significant in light of the fact that it assists people with delivering or fathom composed or spoken language.These specialized gadgets can be significant instruments to assist youngsters with discourse troubles speak with guardians, educators, companions, and others in their lives Basic Thinking Questions 1.What do researchers mean when they state that there are basic periods for mental health? For what reason are these periods significant? At the point when researcher state that there are basic periods for mental health theyâ mean that if a kid misses that period theyââ¬â¢ll be observably not the same as others in a similar age gathering. These periods are significant in light of the fact that theyââ¬â¢ll need them all through life. sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-20122668854285940412020-08-22T06:14:00.001-07:002020-08-22T06:14:11.231-07:00Hematologic Discussion EssayQuestion 1 Frailty is a state of the blood where the quantity of sound red platelets is low to meet the oxygen prerequisites of body tissues. It is fundamentally characterized based on erythrocyte morphology, physiology and plausible etiology. The arrangement dependent on morphology of red platelets considers the size of erythrocytes. Under this class microcytic iron deficiency happens if the red platelets are littler than ordinary. Normocytic pallor is available if the red platelets have the ordinary size however lower in number though macrocytic frailty happens when the red platelets are bigger than typical. In view of etiology, different conditions are viewed as which result in either blood misfortune, over the top demolition of red platelets and diminished or disabled creation of red platelets. On a similar note, the physiological grouping depends on hemoglobin level and happens in three phases. These remember the mellow stage for which the Hb level is 110-90g/l, moderate stage in which Hb level is 90-70g/l, and serious stage in which Hb level is Laboratory standards (Makama, 2010). The three kinds of sickliness are iron-lack frailty brought about by blood misfortune, for example, in instances of substantial or delayed menstrual periods, deficient iron flexibly or underutilization of iron in the body.â Aplastic weakness is brought about by failure of the bone marrow to create enough erythrocytes, platelets and white platelets. Sickle-cell weakness is brought about by an inherited imperfection which influences Hb creation in which the red platelets accept an unusual bow shape. It is important that the most widely recognized sort of pallor in the United States is iron-insufficiency paleness since most ladies are of kid bearing age and experience exorbitant blood misfortune during menses. Essentially, the signs and side effects of this kind of iron deficiency are fair skin, exhaustion, cerebral pain, wooziness, gastrointestinal aggravations, and dry mouth. Its treatment includes admission of iron rich eating regimen including iron enhancements (bodyandhealth.canada.com, 2009). Question 2 DIC is an abbreviation that represents scattered intravascular coagulation. It is a genuine issue where proteins which control blood coagulating become unusually dynamic bringing about arrangement of blood clumps inside veins. The stopping up of veins slices off blood flexibly to different organs, for example, the cerebrum, liver and kidneys. DIC can be brought about by specific sorts of blood malignancy, blood disease by growth or microbes and blood transfusion responses. Clinical signs incorporate unreasonable drain, hypertension, and blood clusters. DIC can be treated by utilizing plasma transfusions to supplant blood coagulating factors. Likewise heparin might be utilized to forestall blood thickening (nlm.nih.gov, 2010). sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-2391807470599725522020-08-11T03:36:00.001-07:002020-08-11T03:36:03.187-07:00The ultimate 7 tips for re-sitting your examsThe ultimate 7 tips for re-sitting your exams The ultimate 7 tips for re-sitting your exams Re-sitting an exam can present a number of unique challenges, but with careful planning, you can sail through easily and painlessly. Like any other area of academic success, strategy is key. It helps to understand a little about how exams are most often structured. The majority of instructors, knowingly or unknowingly, tier the responses so that grades are distributed properly. Thus, an ideal exam and one nearly impossible to make will have enough questions to ensure that not everyone does badly, nor does everyone do incredibly well. Even essay questions are typically structured in such a way that an average can be met. Now, there are many reasons why an exam may need to be re-sat: maybe personal circumstances prevented you etc. In any case, the biggest issue to consider is how much time has passed between the course, the first exam, and the re-sit. Is it a few weeks? A full term? The following pieces of advice will likely help you better strategise your preparations. 1. Donât assume the questions will be the same Probably the biggest error you could make is assuming that the questions you will be given will be the same as the previous exam. Even where you may not have taken the exam, an instructor will likely assume that you know someone from the class who might inform. They will most certainly make a unique exam that somehow covers the same material but is not the same exam. 2. Donât assume the questions will be different However, just because the exam is likely to be different does not mean an old exam or a friendâs knowledge of the exam is unhelpful. Remember that there is usually a core of information that should carry you to at least an average mark. Very likely, that old exam has this core of information to help you get started. One caution, however: if you are getting information for an exam from a friend that took it, but you did not, keep in mind that their memory can be fallible and their need to perform well not as great as yours. 3. Know the format One aspect of sitting or re-sitting any exam is to know the format. Most instructors do not have any issue with telling students the format of the exam; whether it is multiple choice, fill in the blank, short answer, or essay. If you do not know, you should not have any reservations asking your instructor. But pressing to know anything more will be frowned on. 4. Make your own exam One of the most tried and true ways of preparing for an exam is to make the exam for yourself. Using your most recent exam as a model, try to find ways to make questions that are more difficult and challenging than the ones you already know. Think: what would a cruel and sadistic instructor ask on this exam? This is an excellent way to prepare yourself. 5. Find old exams Depending on the subject area there are often old exams from courses past available through the university. And if they are not, you can sometimes petition your instructor or their department to provide you with copies of old exams. This is a great way to study because seeing multiple exams can allow you an opportunity to spot trends and identify common themes across semesters. It is also worth noting that professors very often use old exams to give them ideas for their own. 6. Find other sources for exams The Internet can also be a good source of material for exams and exam questions. When it comes to potential theme based essay type questions, a really big help can be reading other studentâs essays. There is an abundance of online content where university students have posted their own essays on topics online. This can allow you opportunities to shape a position or develop a line of argumentation well before you sit down. If, for instance, you know you have an essay exam on Shakespeareâs Hamlet, reading other essays about Hamlet alongside reading Hamlet is really going to help. And if you have more specific details, you can request model exam answers to be prepared for you through an online service. This can also further help you develop a line of argumentation and development well in advance of the exam. These, in fact, have the advantage of being original content and can thus provide fresh ideas that can set your exam apart. 7. Plan ahead Whatever line of attack you choose the one thing that you must do is plan ahead. More than likely you will know a reasonable time in advance that an exam will need to be re-sat and when that will be. It takes a long time to prepare properly, to gather materials as we have suggested above, or make exams for yourself. You do not want to wait too long, so start as soon as possible. Good luck. Revise the smart way with our model exam answers With our model exam answer service, an expert academic specialised in your subject area will provide you with a model answer to the questions that keep coming up. You can take this answer away, study it and build on it so that come exam day, you're prepared for the most likely questions. Find out more You may also like... 5 reasons you need your work edited by an academic Understanding feedback from your essay marker Marking: from a markerâs perspective exam resitsexam seasonexaminationsexamsresitsresitting examsstudent lifestudy skillsstudyinguniversity sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-16448065500387126572020-05-23T18:16:00.001-07:002020-05-23T18:16:04.564-07:00Essay about Identity Theory - 1490 Words In my opinion, mental states are not behavioural dispositions, as originally described by behaviourists. Behaviourism was primarily devised to address the flaws of Substance Dualism and present a solution to the mind-body problem. Since then, many other philosophical ideas have provided alternative solutions to the mind-body problem, as well as exposing weaknesses in behaviourism. Behaviourism states that behavioural dispositions are tendencies to react with a certain kind of stimuli. For example, if a person is confronted by a tiger, that person would be disposed to; run away, shout for help and assert ââ¬Ëthere is a tiger.ââ¬â¢ This is what is known as a mental state, a stimulus and the relevant dispositions. This theory seems relatively soundâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦A criminal telling a lie may feign confusion, apathy and indifference, hoping to convince people that he is unaware of something. Another argument against behaviourism refers to the stimulus response exper iment of ââ¬ËPavlovââ¬â¢s dog.ââ¬â¢ The experiment showed that behavioural dispositions could be provoked by conditioning. A bell would be rung, signifying the arrival of food to the dog, whether there was any food or not. The dog would show all the relevant dispositions of hunger salivating etc. However this does not mean the dog was pressed into a mental state of hunger as a result of the conditioning. Simply put behavioural dispositions do not directly correspond with a mental state. Another flaw can be seen in the ââ¬ËBehaviour unnecessaryââ¬â¢ argument. It suggests that certain mental states arenââ¬â¢t necessarily tied to behavioural dispositions. As an example, a person may have an unpleasant experience such as pain from a broken bone. They would still feel the sensation of pain no matter what they were disposed to feel. The feeling of pain is still present regardless of how you choose to react to it. An additional fault in the behaviourist argument is eviden t when applied to another group of Philosophers. The argument falls apart if the person experiencing the stimulus is a stoic. Stoicism is typically associated with the removal of emotion from oneââ¬â¢s life. However ââ¬Ësuper stoicsââ¬â¢ have complete control over their behavioural dispositions as well asShow MoreRelatedIdentity Theory And Social Identity1228 Words à |à 5 PagesIdentity theory traces its root in the writing of G.H Mead, the American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist who says that the image or the feeling that a person creates for him or herself in a particular society is the result of otherââ¬â¢s vision, which is created daily and is subjected to change. Richard Jinkens, the sociologist describes that social identity means who we are and who the others are and on the other hand what the other thinks about themselves and others. Further, Mead elaboratesRead MoreSocial And Social Identity Theory1860 Words à |à 8 PagesTurner, the Social Ide ntity Theory (SIT) can be described as the comparison between the individual self and the social self. More specifically, it is the individualââ¬â¢s perception that is derived from their membership of a social group (ingroups and outgroups) or personal identities. The theory is divided into three different psychological mechanisms: social categorization, social comparison, and the tendency for people to use the group membership as a source to gain self-esteem. A theory is defined asRead MoreSocial Identity Theory861 Words à |à 3 PagesSocial identity theory, it is a personââ¬â¢s sense that is based around the group they are in, either by their personal identity or with different kinds of social identities. That is, people will try to improve their own image of themselves. The theory was proposed by Henri Tajfel. People can increase their self-esteem by both their own achievement and interaction with a successful group of people. This shows the importance of social belonging . 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More specifically, we want to understand our social identities and this can be achieved sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-46160065467146813502020-05-12T16:14:00.001-07:002020-05-12T16:14:03.550-07:00The Bp Deepwater Horizon Disaster - 1006 Words Compliance and Regulation To maintain expected business practices, governments enact regulations through legislation as a means of ensuring that businesses operate within expected guidelines. Some regulations are proactive, such as Bill 198 (Better known as CSOX, the Canadian version of the Sarbanes and Oxley Act) which places additional expectations on the reporting and auditing of company financials (PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 2004). Other regulations are reactive; such as bill C45 that passed after the Westray mine disaster took the lives of 26 workers. This regulation looks to hold company executives personally liable for ignoring safety protocols and conducting behavior with criminal intent in the workplace (Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety, 2014). Regardless of their founding, regulations can impose stiff penalties upon companies that choose not to place focus on implementing the necessary controls in place to ensure compliance to them. The BP Deepwater Horizon Disaster On April 20, 2010, the British Petroleum (BP) leased Deepwater Horizon drilling rig took an unexpected kick of gas pressure from an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico. The release ignited, and through the failure of the blowout preventers progressed into a firestorm. The fire consumed the drilling rig platform, sinking it, causing 11 casualties, and the subsequent release of 4.9 million barrels of oil into in the gulf before the release contained (British Petroleum). The incident isShow MoreRelatedDeepwater Horizon Oil Spill: the Bp Disaster2305 Words à |à 10 PagesAP Environmental Science Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: The BP Disaster The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was one of the most infamous industrial environmental disasters ever. On April 20, 2010, a marine oil-drilling dig called the Deepwater Horizon exploded, releasing hundreds of millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. This explosion resulted in the loss of human life, massive environmental damage, and widespread damage to the livelihood of people living along theRead MoreBp s Improve Sustainability And Its Reputation For The Deepwater Horizon Disaster1620 Words à |à 7 Pagesgentleman by the name of William Dââ¬â¢Arcy is the founder of the world famous gas station BP. Dââ¬â¢Arcy had a thrill over oil and decided to invest all of his savings in the quest for oil in the Middle East. Experts and scientists helped encourage Dââ¬â¢Arcy to pursue the venture. 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At the time of the disaster the regulators of the oil industry in the United States was the sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-39137469542265394802020-05-06T12:37:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:37:05.620-07:00The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Four Free Essays Giggling, Bonnie tripped on her way down the stairs, her foot coming right out of her high-heeled shoe. ââ¬Å"Here you go, Cinderel a,â⬠Zander said, picking up the shoe and kneeling in front of her. He helped slip her foot back into it, his fingers warm and steady against her instep. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Four or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bonnie gave a mock curtsy, muffling her laughter. ââ¬Å"Thank you, mââ¬â¢lord,â⬠she said flirtatiously. She felt fabulous, so sil y and happy. It was almost as if she was drunk, but sheââ¬â¢d only had a few sips of beer. No, she was drunk. Drunk on Zander, on his kisses, his gentle hands, and his big blue eyes. She took his hand, and he smiled down at her, that long slow smile, and Bonnie just absolutely quivered. ââ¬Å"Seems like the partyââ¬â¢s wrapping up,â⬠she said, as they hit the first floor. It was real y getting late, almost two oââ¬â¢clock. There were only a few groups of hard-core partiers left: a bunch of frat boys by the keg, some theater-department girls dancing with great wide swoops of their arms, a couple sitting hand in hand at the bottom of the stairs in deep conversation. Meredith, Stefan, Samantha, and Matt had disappeared, and if Elena had ever shown up, she had left, too. Zanderââ¬â¢s friends had gone, or been kicked out. ââ¬Å"Good-bye, good-bye,â⬠Bonnie caroled to the few people who remained. She hadnââ¬â¢t real y gotten a chance to talk to any of them, but they al looked perfectly nice. Maybe next time she went to a party, sheââ¬â¢d stay longer and real y bond with people she hadnââ¬â¢t met before. Look at al the new friends her friends had made on campus. Bonnie gave a special wave to a couple of people sheââ¬â¢d seen Matt with lately ââ¬â a shortish guy whose name she thought was Ethan and that girl with the dark curls and dimples. Not freshmen. She loved everyone tonight, but they deserved it most, because they had seen what a wonderful guy Matt was. They waved back at her, a little hesitantly, and the girl smiled, her dimples deepening. ââ¬Å"They seem real y nice,â⬠Bonnie told Zander, and he glanced back at them as he opened the door. ââ¬Å"Hmmm,â⬠he said noncommittal y, and the look in his eyes, just for a minute, made Bonnie shiver. ââ¬Å"Arenââ¬â¢t they?â⬠she said nervously. Zander looked away from them, back toward her, and his warm bril iant smile spread across his face. Bonnie relaxed; the coldness sheââ¬â¢d seen in Zanderââ¬â¢s eyes must have been just a trick of the light. ââ¬Å"Of course they are, Bonnie,â⬠he said. ââ¬Å"I just got distracted for a sec.â⬠He wrapped his arm around her shoulders, pul ing her close, and dropped a kiss on the top of her head. She sighed contentedly, cuddling up against his side. They walked together companionably for a while. ââ¬Å"Look at the stars,â⬠Bonnie said softly. The night was clear and the stars hung bright in the sky. ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s because itââ¬â¢s starting to get colder at night that we can see them so Well.â⬠Zander didnââ¬â¢t answer, only made a hmming sound deep in his throat again, and Bonnie glanced up at him through her eyelashes. ââ¬Å"Do you want to get breakfast with me in the morning?â⬠she asked. ââ¬Å"On Sundays, the cafeteria does make-your-own waffles, with lots of different toppings. Delicious.â⬠Zander was staring off into the distance with that same half-listening expression he had the last time they walked across campus together. ââ¬Å"Zander?â⬠Bonnie asked cautiously, and he frowned down at her, biting his lip thoughtful y. ââ¬Å"Sorry,â⬠he said. He took his arm off of Bonnieââ¬â¢s shoulders and backed away a few steps, smiling stiffly. His whole body was tense, as if he was about to take off running. ââ¬Å"Zander?â⬠she asked again, confused. ââ¬Å"I forgot something,â⬠Zander said, avoiding her eyes. ââ¬Å"I have to go back to the party.â⬠ââ¬Å"Oh. Iââ¬â¢l come with you,â⬠Bonnie offered. ââ¬Å"No, thatââ¬â¢s okay.â⬠Zander was shifting from foot to foot, glancing over Bonnieââ¬â¢s shoulders as if, suddenly, heââ¬â¢d rather be anywhere than with her. Abruptly, he surged forward and kissed her awkwardly, their teeth knocking together, and then he stepped backward and turned, walking in the other direction. His strides lengthened, and soon he was running away from her, disappearing into the night. Again. He didnââ¬â¢t look back. Bonnie, suddenly alone, shivered and looked around, peering into the darkness on al sides. She had been so happy a minute ago, and now she felt cold and dismayed, as if she had been hit with a splash of freezing cold water. ââ¬Å"You have got to be kidding me,â⬠she said aloud. Elena was shaking so hard that Damon was afraid she might just shake herself apart. He wrapped his arms around her comfortingly, and she glanced up at him without real y seeming to see him, her eyes glassy. ââ¬Å"Stefanâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ she moaned softly, and Damon had to fight down a sharp stab of irritation. So Stefan was overreacting. What else was new? Damon was here, Damon was with her and supporting her, and Elena needed to realize that. He was tempted to grab Elena firmly by the chin and make her real y look at him. In the old days, he would have done just that. Hel , in the old days, he would have sent a blast of Power at Elena until she was docile in his hands, until she didnââ¬â¢t even remember Stefanââ¬â¢s name. His canines prickled longingly just thinking of it. Her blood was like wine. Not that expecting Elena to give in to his Power meekly had ever worked particularly Well, he admitted to himself, his mouth curling into a smile. But he wasnââ¬â¢t like that anymore. And he didnââ¬â¢t want her that way. He was trying so hard, although he hated to admit it even to himself, to be worthy of Elena. To be worthy of Stefan, even, if it came right down to it. It had been comforting to final y have his baby brother looking at him with something other than hatred and disgust. Well, that was over. The tentative truce, the beginnings of friendship, the brotherhood, whatever it had been between him and Stefan, was gone. ââ¬Å"Come on, princess,â⬠he murmured to Elena, helping her up the stairs toward her door. ââ¬Å"Just a little farther.â⬠He couldnââ¬â¢t be sorry they kissed. She was so beautiful, so alive and vibrant in his arms. And she tasted so good. And he loved her, he did, as far as his hard heart was capable of it. His mouth curled again, and he could taste his own bitterness. Elena was never going to be his, was she? Even when Stefan turned his back on her, the self-righteous idiot, he was al she thought about. Damonââ¬â¢s free hand, the one that wasnââ¬â¢t cupping Elenaââ¬â¢s shoulder protectively, tightened into a fist. Theyââ¬â¢d reached Elenaââ¬â¢s room, and Damon fished in her purse for her keys, unlocking the door for her. ââ¬Å"Damon,â⬠she said, turning in the doorway to look him straight in the eyes for the first time since before Stefan caught them kissing. She looked pale stil , but resolute, her mouth a straight line. ââ¬Å"Damon, it was a mistake.â⬠Damonââ¬â¢s heart dropped like a stone, but he held her gaze. ââ¬Å"I know,â⬠he said, his voice steady. ââ¬Å"Everything wil work out in the end, princess, youââ¬â¢l see.â⬠He forced his lips to turn up in a reassuring, supportive smile. The smile of a friend. Then Elena was gone, the door to her room shutting firmly behind her. Damon spun in his tracks, cursing, and kicked at the wal behind him. It cracked, and he kicked it again with a sour satisfaction at the feeling of the plaster splitting. There was a muted grumbling coming from behind the other doors on the floor, and Damon could hear footsteps approaching, someone coming to investigate the noise. If he had to deal with anyone now, heââ¬â¢d probably kil him. That wouldnââ¬â¢t be a good idea, no matter how much he might enjoy it for the moment, not with Elena right here. Launching himself toward an open hal window, Damon smoothly transitioned to a crow in midair. It was a relief to stretch his wings, to pick up the rhythm of flying and feel the breeze against his feathers, lifting and supporting him. He flew through the window with a few strong beats of his wings and flung himself out into the night. Catching the wind, he soared recklessly high despite the darkness of the night. He needed the rush of the wind against his body, needed the distraction. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Four, Essay examples sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-28103300023344611932020-05-02T20:26:00.001-07:002020-05-02T20:26:03.186-07:00Canada Multiculturalism Immigrants and Citizenship â⬠Free Samples Question: Discuss about the Canada Multiculturalism Immigrants and Citizenship. Answer: Canada is significantly a very popular nation for the newcomers. This country becomes the perfect example of living in diversity and harmony. It can be said that living with and welcoming multiple cultures helps the Canadian people understanding each other and discarding hate, disgust and violence.This is evident that Canadawas started being recognized as amulticultural or cross-cultural society in the year 1971(Aknin, et al.). This essay will analyze the how multiculturalism is being developed in Canada. In this context, it will focus on the comparison between the view of Wayson Choys Im Banana and Proud of It and Will Kymlickas Canada Multiculturalism immigrants and citizenship. This is to be noted that two hundred traditional origins were marked in the Canadian population according to the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) (Schultz and Caroline). It is evident that the traditional origins had exceeded significantly one million marks. This is to be mentioned as per the report authorized by AMP that significant migrants of Canadahas arrived from China, United Kingdom andNew Zealand. It is also to be noted that as per the 2006 Census by the particular Statistics Canada,783,795Canadian populationrecognized as black, marked as 2.5% of the overall population of Canada (Owusu-Bempah and Wortley). This is clearly evident that 11% of the black population is recognized as the cross-race of the black and white. The term banana in Im Banana and Proud of It refers to the yellow outwardly and white inwardly. According to Choy, the Chinese who are born in the North America act and behave like the white people but they still look like the Asians and therefore they are given the nickname of banana. He comments that the other cultures also earns other nicknames as well, like for example, the Indians are often said apples and the blacks are named as Oreo cookies. Where else, in Canada Multiculturalism immigrants and citizenship, it is said that Canada offers the perfect idea of Multiculturalism comprised with significant co-existence of diverse and different cultures (Modood). This is to be mentioned that the diverse culture comprises ethnic, spiritual, or traditional groups and is established in accustomed practices, cultural conventions and ethical values, thought process, and significant communicative skills and practices. As per the Canadian history, there is a clear and significant impact of E uropeanculture and ethnicity, exclusively Frenchand Britishon their culture by the individuality of the specific indigenous culture. This is to be noted that the important essentials of the cross-cultures of Canadian significant immigrant people have started playing a major role in the mainstream culture of Canada. Choy in his book reveal the very painful experiences of his parents that they endured while arriving in North America. His parents being belonging from the Chinese culture had faced racial bias from the people of North America. On the other side, Canada knows to identify and respect the significant society comprised with multiplicity and diversity among dialects, customs, and religious believes. This is to be noted that in the year1982multiculturalismwas recognized and rewarded by the particular section 27 of the significantCanadianCharter of Rights and Freedoms (Baldwin). The significantCanadian MulticulturalismAct was passed by Brian Mulroney, the former Canadian Prime Minister at that time. This is to be mentioned that thesignificant Canadian Multiculturalism Actis known as a particular law, authorized in the year of 1988. This significant lawhas an objective to realm and enrichmulticulturalism specifically in Canada. According to the multiple historical records thesignificant centralized government, led byPierre Elliott Trudeau,the former Prime Ministeracknowledged in the year 1971 that Canada would accept cross-cultural policy (Ggraà ¾ulis, Vladimiras, and Vladimiras).It can be said that Canadawould acknowledge and appreciatethe significant diversity in languages, civilizations, religious faith in the Canadian Society. Im banana and proud of it depicts the racial biases that people still suffers from while moving to some other nation and entering into their culture. However, Canada became significantly the first country in the entire world to adopt the practice multiculturalism as an official strategy in the year 1971 (Pfohman and Shannon). It is evident that the specificproclamationsignificantlyrefers to statement of former Prime Minister Trudeau in theHouse of Commons of Canada on the 8th October 1971(Pacione and Darren). This is to be noted that this incident took place afternegotiation, the strategies of multiculturalism and bilingualism would be applied in Canada.It is evident thatCanadian Multiculturalism Act (CMA) of 1988 was authorized as the outcome of this strategy statement(Hershey and Samantha). This is to be noted that Canada is playing a major role in order to executing the multicultural strategy as their official policy. The dedicated organization named Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) is taking all the responsibilities related to thedevelopment of significant strategies and policies and handling specifically permanent and temporary abode visa, refugee security and citizenship submissions. They lead the significant refugees and immigrants to settle in Canada by the significant fund raising companies as the Canadian Caregivers Associationto offernew arrivals with significant and exclusive settlement events. These dedicatedcompanies are known as the significant service provider companies. Choy further acknowledges how the Chinese people risked their life during the Word War II by joining army and only after that they had gained the right to be the citizen of North America. He also considered the view point of the elders of china about the young generation of China who assimilated so very well into the life of North American. He claims that Chinese will never forget their roots as they look into the mirror, it always reflects back. He also pointed out the fact that they are been brainwashed by the lifestyle of North Americans. However, he realized that he is not from any of the world and he therefore tries to find out the foundation of his Chinese roots. And finally, he accepted that he is a banana and he is proud of being a Chinese. Hence, from the story Im banana and proud of it it can be analyzed that Wayson Choy argued about the tough times his parents faced as an immigrant and first nation in Canada, whereas in Canada Multiculturalism immigrants and citizenship Will Kymlicka argued that how Canada welcomes diversity spreading both its hands. Canada is known as one of the country marked by multiculturalism in the significant Western Government. They have already stated the example that immigration can be comprehended as significantly the first and foremost step to the citizenship. Canada has made people learn that the generosity of a country lies in the acceptance of an immigrant and transform the person into a citizen but the story of Choy differs from this. References: Aknin, Lara B., et al. "Prosocial spending and well-being: Cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal."Journal of Personality and Social Psychology104.4 (2013): 635. Baldwin, Caroline Maureen.Canadian Roman Catholic Young Adults Who Persevered In Faith. Diss. 2015. Casella Colombeau, Sara. "Policing the internal Schengen bordersmanaging the double bind between free movement and migration control."Policing and society27.5 (2017): 480-493. Ggraà ¾ulis, Vladimiras, and Vladimirasmockien?. "Multiculturalism through the prism of history: experiences and perspectives and lessons to learn."human resources management ergonomics11.1 (2017). Hershey, Samantha.Ethical Pluralism and Informed Consent in Canadian Health Care: Exploring Accommodations and Limitations. MS thesis. University of Waterloo, 2017. Modood, Tariq. "Multiculturalism, interculturalisms and the majority."Journal of Moral Education43.3 (2014): 302-315. Owusu-Bempah, Akwasi, and Scot Wortley. "Race, crime, and criminal justice in Canada."The oxford handbook of ethnicity, crime and immigration(2014): 283-320. Pacione, Darren. "The FLQ trials, 1969-1971: judicial tensions and constitutional questions."Quebec Studies55 (2013): 101-118. Pfohman, Shannon.A Comparison of the Situation of Bosnian Refugees in Berlin and Chicago. Diss. FreieUniversitt Berlin, 2014. Schultz, Caroline. "Mapping of Population Diversity in Canada and Germany: Different Strategies, Similar Pragmatism."Review of European and Russian Affairs11.1 (2017). sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-40131612187427184202020-03-24T08:52:00.001-07:002020-03-24T08:52:03.824-07:00Legt free essay sample On completion of this week in you should be able to: Explain what is ââ¬Ëunconscionable conductââ¬â¢ within the meaning of the ACL Explain what is meant by ââ¬Ëmisleading or deceptive conductââ¬â¢ in s 18, ACL and identify different types of conduct that might be misleading or deceptive Identify the different types of false representations set out in s 29, ACL Identify defences available for breaches of the consumer protection provisions Suggest possible remedies for breaches of the consumer protection provisions Explain what the law says about ââ¬Ëno refundââ¬â¢ signs Sale of Goods/Product Liability Please note ââ¬â in this unit we are NOT DEALING with: â⬠¢ Sale of Goods â⬠¢ Product Liability Therefore the following paragraphs in Latimer are NOT RELEVANT: à ¶7-011 to à ¶7-215 3 4 Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) â⬠¢ As discussed last week, the Competition and Consumer Act (ââ¬ËCCAââ¬â¢) is a federal/Commonwealth statute that: Regulates ââ¬ËRESTRICTIVE TRADEââ¬â¢ practices to produce greater competition and efficiency in the market for the benefit of consumers; and Protects the interests of consumers of goods, services and land against ââ¬ËUNFAIR PRACTICESââ¬â¢ â⬠¢ Prior to 1 January 2011, the CCA was known as the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) Australian Consumer Law (ACL) â⬠¢ Consumer law and ââ¬Ëunfair practicesââ¬â¢ dealt with by the Australian Consumer Law â⬠¢ Australia Consumer Law (ACL) is Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) â⬠¢ In this course we will focus on the following types of conduct: ss 20-22: unconscionable conduct s 18: misleading or deceptive conduct s 29: false representations 5 The Regulator Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) â⬠¢ Regulator responsible for administering the CCA â⬠¢ Primary responsibility: to ensure individuals and businesses comply with Commonwealth consumer protection, fair trading and competition/trade practices laws â⬠¢ Until 1995, was the Trade Practices Commission (TPC) â⬠¢ Also see http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Legt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page accc. gov. au Australian Consumer Law (ACL) Who is a ââ¬Å"consumerâ⬠? See Latimer at à ¶7-012 â⬠¢ Supply of goods or services â⬠¢ Cost less than $40K: s3(1)(a) â⬠¢ Cost more than $40K and are ââ¬Å"of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption: s3(1)(b) 8 Australian Consumer Law (ACL) Note: The ACL implies non-excludable consumer guarantees for the supply of goods and services to ââ¬Å"consumersâ⬠: to be discussed later Australian Consumer Law (ACL) Who is a ââ¬Å"consumerâ⬠? See Latimer at à ¶7-012 â⬠¢ Purchase of goods by a business will be a consumer contract if: goods are personal, domestic or household goods AND not used up in business (eg for re-supply or in the process of manufacture etc) Australian Consumer Law (ACL) â⬠¢ Who is a ââ¬Å"consumerâ⬠? See Latimer at à ¶7-012 â⬠¢ Section 3 asks: whether goods are acquired to be used or consumed (a consumer transaction) OR whether goods are to be used up in a business (a non-consumer transaction) Unconscionable conduct â⬠¢ The unconscionability provisions provide consumers (and small business) with protection from unconscionable (unfair) conduct 12 Unconscionable conduct â⬠¢ Where one party to a transaction is at a disadvantage, because of: age sickness illiteracy financial needs lack of explanation when required language (i. e. on-English speaking) and the other party takes advantage of this for gain Unconscionable conduct Amadioââ¬â¢s case: The plaintiff has to establish: â⬠¢ They were in a position of ââ¬Ëspecial disadvantageââ¬â¢ â⬠¢ That substantially affected their ability to protect themselves â⬠¢ The defendant knew, or ought to have known, of the plaintiffââ¬â¢s disability and not taken advantage of it AND â⬠¢ Actions of defendant wer e unconscionable 13 Unconscionable conduct â⬠¢ Section 20 (ACL): defines unconscionability in general terms ââ¬Å"A person must not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is unconscionableâ⬠¦. Applies the common law principles from Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio to business disputes Unconscionable conduct â⬠¢ Section 22 Relative bargaining positions of the parties Did the consumer have to comply with conditions that were not reasonably necessary? Did the consumer understand the documentation? Was there any undue influence, pressure or unfair tactics? Could the consumer have obtained the same goods or services elsewhere â⬠¢ Section 21: prohibits statutory unconscionability in connection with the supply or acquisition of goods or services â⬠¢ Section 22: statutory checklist (see next slide) 15 See Latimer at à ¶5-756) 16 Misleading or deceptive conduct â⬠¢ Section 18 (ACL): ââ¬ËA person shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceiveââ¬â¢ Misleading or deceptive conduct â⬠¢ Section 18 (formerly, s 52): most sued on piece of legislation in Australia â⬠¢ Not restricted in its usage to consumers and can be equally enforced by competitors or suppliers against other competitors or suppliers Section 18 was formerly s 52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) 17 18 Misleading or deceptive conduct and the Financial Services Industry â⬠¢ Misleading or deceptive conduct, misrepresentation and unconscionable conduct in relation to financial services are caught by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 and looked after by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) See Latimer at à ¶7-240 Misleading or deceptive conduct prohibited Section 18 is made up of the following elements: Conduct by a person In the activity of supplying goods or services in trade or commerce; and Who has engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct or conduct that is likely to mislead or deceive 19 20 What is misleading or deceptive? â⬠¢ Conduct is misleading if it will: lead a consumer astray in action or conduct or lead a consumer into making an error Conduct is deceptive if it leads people to believe what is false, if it misleads as to a matter of fact: Weitmann v Katies Ltd, see Latimer at à ¶7-250 The test = question of fact to be determined in context of evidence/facts of each case 21 What is misleading or deceptive? â⬠¢ Courts have formulated the test that a statement is misleading if: it would lead one ordinary member of the public, who is likely to read the statement or be influenced by it into error Case: Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd See Latimer at à ¶7-250 â⬠¢ â⬠¢ 22 Relevant section of the public â⬠¢ Who is likely to be misled or deceived by the conduct in question? â⬠¢ Need to identify the class of persons who are prospective purchasers and who are likely to be affected by the conduct â⬠¢ Ask: At whom was the conduct directed? Would those persons have been likely to be led into error by the conduct? Case: Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd See Latimer at à ¶7-250 23 Relevant section of the public â⬠¢ Once relevant section of public identified, consider all who come within it â⬠¢ .. the astute and the gullible, the intelligent and the not so intelligent, the well-educated as well as the poorly educated, men and women of various ages pursuing a variety of vocationsâ⬠¦. Case: Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd See Latimer at à ¶7-250 4 What is misleading or deceptive? Whether conduct is misleading or deceptive is determined by the court using an objective test of: ââ¬Ëâ⬠¦whether a reasonable person would be misled or deceived. ââ¬â¢ Standard for assessing conduct The standard should be set by reference to that section of the public who is exposed or potentially exposed to the relevant conduct 25 26 Likely to mislead or deceive â⬠¢ Not necessary to pro ve that anyone was actually misled â⬠¢ Need real possibility or not remote chance that someone might be misled Misleading/deceptive conduct What is ââ¬Ëconductââ¬â¢? â⬠¢ Conduct has a broad meaning and includes: Statements of Opinion Broken promises and false predictions Statements that are literally true but which create a false impression Pre-contractual statements Silence BUT: puffery or self-evident exaggeration that are promotional statements in advertising and that cannot be taken literally (eg the juiciest oranges in Qld), will not be taken to infringe s 18 27 28 Silence Silence may be misleading or deceptive: TPC v The Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd Silence â⬠¢ Failure to communicate a relevant fact may cause the true representation of another fact to be misleading Abigroup v Peninsula â⬠¢ No general duty of disclosure BUT conduct may be misleading or deceptive if facts give rise to a REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF DISCLOSURE See Latimer at à ¶7-250 â⬠¢ Traditional secretiveness of a bargaining process is NOT a licence to deceive Poseidon Ltd v Adelaide P etroleum NL See Latimer at à ¶7-250 29 Misleading/deceptive conduct What is misleading or deceptive? â⬠¢ Mere confusion or causing uncertainty will not amount to conduct that is misleading or deceptive. â⬠¢ McWilliamââ¬â¢s Wines Pty Ltd v McDonaldââ¬â¢s System of Australia Pty Ltd â⬠¢ Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu See Latimer at à ¶7-250 How to avoid acting in breach of s 18 â⬠¢ Comparisons must be ACCURATE â⬠¢ Compare like with like 31 32 Misleading/deceptive conduct Roadmap of s 18 â⬠¢ See Latimer at à ¶7-251 False Representations False Representations: s 29 (ACL) Breach of section 29 will result in either: prosecution by the ACCC for a criminal offence OR the injured party being provided with civil remedies (eg damages). The section prohibits the making of false representations in connection with the promotion and supply of goods and services in 14 subsectionsâ⬠¦. See Latimer at à ¶7-290 to à ¶7-375 33 34 False Representations s 29(1)( a): No false representation about the standard, degree of quality, value, grade, composition, style, model, history or previous use of goods â⬠¢ s 29(1)(b) no false representations regarding services â⬠¢ s 29(1)(c): no false representations that goods are new â⬠¢ s 29(1)(d): no false representations that goods or services have been ordered â⬠¢ s 29(1)(e)/(f): no false representations regarding testimonials relating to goods or services â⬠¢ s 29(1)(g): no false representations about performance characteristics, accessories, uses or benefits of goods or services â⬠¢ s 29(1)(h): no false representations regarding sponsorship, approval or affiliation 35 False Representations â⬠¢ s 29(1)(i): no false representations about the price of goods or services â⬠¢ s 29(1)(j): no false representations about repair facilities or spare parts â⬠¢ s 29(1)(k): no false representations about place of origin â⬠¢ s 29(1)(l): no false representations about the need for any goods or services â⬠¢ s 29(1)(m): no false representations about the existence, exclusion or effect of any condition, warranty, guarantee, right or remedy â⬠¢ S 29(1)(n): no false representations concerning a requirement to pay for a contractual right 36 Other unfair practices Bait advertising ââ¬â s 35, ACL: A person is prohibited from advertising of goods or services at a special price where it does not intend to offer those goods or services for a reasonable period and in a reasonable amount See Latimer at à ¶7-420 No wrongly accepting payment ââ¬â s 36, ACL: Knowing you will not or cannot supply the promised goods/services See Latimer at à ¶7-440 No misleading representations about certain business activities ââ¬â s 37, ACL: A business must not make false or misleading representations about business opportunities See Latimer at à ¶7-450 37 Other unfair practices Referral selling ââ¬â s 49, ACL: A person shall not induce a consumer to acquire goods or services by representing that the consumer will benefit after the contract is made by providing names of prospective customers See Latimer at à ¶7-480 No harassment and coercion ââ¬â s 50, ACL: No use of pressure tactics or physical force/undue harassment or coercion See Latimer at à ¶7-485 38 Other unfair practices Pyramid Selling ââ¬â s 44 to 46, ACL: A trading scheme in which a promoter offers to sell to a participant both the right to sell a particular product or service and the right to introduce others into the scheme in the same way Both the promoter and participants trying to recruit others in the scheme are caught under this section See Latimer at à ¶7-470 Other unfair practices Unsolicited Credit Cards ââ¬â s 39, ACL: Prohibits the sending of unsolicited credit or debit cards to a person unless they were requested See Latimer at à ¶7-460 Unsolicited goods or services ââ¬â ss 43, ACL: Prohibits a business pushing a right to payment for unsolicited goods or services See Latimer at à ¶7-460 39 40 Defences Defences for breach include: reasonable mistake of fact breach caused by a third party or due to some cause beyond the control of the defendant defendant took reasonable precautions and exercised due diligence to avoid contravention publisherââ¬â¢s defence: reliance on information supplied by another person, information/advertisement received in the ordinary course of business and publisher had no reason to suspect that publication would breach the ACL See Latimer at à ¶7-530 41 Enforcement and Remedies The ACL provides that certain breaches of the law are sufficiently serious such that they may be treated as criminal offences, to which criminal sanctions apply See Latimer at à ¶7-510 to à ¶7-540, see especially Table 1 at à ¶7-510 Misleading/deceptive conduct: Remedies Breach of s 18 is not an offence resulting in a criminal penalty: see Latimer, Table 1 at à ¶7-510 â⬠¢ Remedies for breach of s 18 include: injunction damages but the misleading or deceptive conduct must have caused the loss or damage suffered â⬠¢ Enforcement and Remedies Penalties (except for s18): $1 100 000 per offence in case of a corporation $220 000 per offence in case of a natural person Undertakings Substantiation notices Public warning notices Infringement not ices Injunctions Damages Other orders: Varying or refusing to enforce a contract Refund money or return property Specific performance Community service Corrective advertising Compliance programs â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ See Latimer at à ¶7-520 43 44 No refund signs â⬠¢ No need to display signs about refunds â⬠¢ BUT if sign is displayed, need to be sure that it does not mislead consumers about their rights under the ACL For example, cannot claim ââ¬ËNo refundsââ¬â¢, ââ¬ËNo refunds after 7 daysââ¬â¢, Exchange or repair only, or We do not refundââ¬â¢ Signs like these are likely to create the impression that consumers have no right to a refund at all See Latimer at à ¶7-370 No refund signs â⬠¢ Consumers are legally entitled to a refund if the implied guarantees have not been met â⬠¢ See www. accc. gov. au: brochure on Warranty and Refund Obligations 45 Consumer Guarantees when goods are supplied The ACL implies into consumer contracts certain non-excludable conditions and warranties (by retailers/suppliers and manufacturers to consumers): Regarding title and right to dispose of the goods: s 51, ACL Undisturbed possession: s 52, ACL Freedom from undisclosed securities: s 53, ACL Goods are of acceptable quality: s 54, ACL Goods are fit for purpose: s 55, ACL Goods match their description: s 56, ACL Goods match the sample (or the demonstration model): s 57, ACL Repairs and spare parts will be available: s 58, ACL Next lecture â⬠¢ Final lecture: week 12 â⬠¢ Tutorials will continue until week 13 (Note the above are mirrored in State Sale of Goods legislation, NOT studied in this course) See Latimer at à ¶7-035 to à ¶7-100 47 48 sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-39733034376077758192020-03-06T07:38:00.001-08:002020-03-06T07:38:04.089-08:00Famous Inventions and Birthdays in FebruaryFamous Inventions and Birthdays in February Not only is February the month of Valentines Day, its also when a great number of inventions were created and patented, trademarked, or copyrighted and when many great scientists, scholars, and famous figures were born. Whether youre looking for someone who shares your February birthday or just want to know what happened on this day in history, check out the following lists of events that have happened during this month throughout history. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights From the digital voicemail system to Kooky Doodles, February has celebrated the birth of many inventions and pieces of writing or art. Find out when some of the most popular inventions and literary works were first patented, trademarked, or copyrighted. February 1 1788 - The first US patent for an improvement to steamships was issued to Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet.1983 - Matthews, Tansil, and Fannin obtained a patent for a digital voice mail system. February 2 1869 - James Oliver invented the removable tempered steel plow blade1965 - Alfonso Alvarez received a patent for dual-vent windows. February 3 1690 - The first paper money in America was issued in the colony of Massachusetts.1952 - The first episode of the TV program Dragnet was copyrighted. February 4 1824 -à J. W. Goodrich introduced the world to the first rubber galoshes.1941 - Roy Plunkett received a patent in for tetrafluoro-ethylene polymers (TEFLON). February 5 1861 - Samuel Goodale patented the first moving picture peep show machine. February 6 1917 - Sunmaid raisins were trademark registered.1947 - Frank Capras Its a Wonderful Life was copyrighted. February 7 1804 -à John Deere, pioneer manufacturer of agricultural implements was born.1995 - Larry Gunter and Tracie Williams received a patent for a personalized interactive storybook February 8 1916 -à Charles Kettering received a patent for a self-starting automobile engine. February 9 1811 -à Robert Fulton was granted a patent for the practical steamboat. February 10 1976 - Sidney Jacoby was granted a patent for a combination smoke and heat detector alarm. February 11 1973 - National Inventors Hall of Fame was founded on the anniversary of Thomas Edisons birth in 1847. February 12 1974 - Stephen Kovacs received a patent for a magnetic heart pump.1983 - The circular thing that keeps the pizza from hitting the inside of the box top (called a package saver) was invented by a guy from New Jersey. February 13 1979 - Charles Chidsey received a patent for male baldness solution. February 14 1854 - Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson patented a firearm.The 14th is also Valentines Day and someone has patented romance. February 15 1972 -à William Kolff obtained a patent for the soft shell mushroom-shaped artificial heart. February 16 1932 - James Markham received the first fruit tree patent for a peach tree. February 17 1827 - Chester Stone patented a washing machine. February 18 1879 - Auguste Bartholdi was granted a design patent for the Statue of Liberty. February 19 1878 - Thomas Edison received a patent for the phonograph. February 20 1846 - John Drummond was granted a patent for molds for the manufacture of candles.1872 - Luther Crowell patented a machine that manufactured paper bags. February 21 1865 -à John Deere received a patent for plows. February 22 1916 - Ernst Alexanderson was issued a patent for a selective radio tuning system. February 23 1943 - The song As Time Goes By from the movie Casablanca was copyrighted. February 24 1857 - The first perforated United States postage stamps were delivered to the government.1925 -à His Masters Voiceà was trademark registered. February 25 1902 - John Holland was granted a patent for a submarine. February 26 1870 - The first New York City subway line opened, and this short-lived line was pneumatically powered.1963 - Hobie surfboards trademark registered in 1963. February 27 1900 - Felix Hoffman patented acetylsalicylic acid, which is also known asà aspirin. February 28 1984 - Donald Mauldin received a patent for a knee brace. February 29 1972 - Kooky Doodles were trademark registered. February Birthdays Many famous inventors and scientists were born in February, and a few were even born on Leap Day, which falls on the 29th every four years. February 1 1905 - Emilio Segre was anà Italian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of antiprotons, a sub-atomic antiparticle and an element used for theà atomic bombà used on Nagasaki.1928 - Sam Edwards was a Welsh physicist who studied condensed matter physics. February 2 1817 - John Glover was the English chemist who discovered sulfuric acid.1859 - Havelock Ellis was an American physician sexologist who wrote The Psychology of Sex.1905 - Jean-Pierre Guerlain invented cosmetics pioneer. February 3 1821 - Elizabeth Blackwell of Bristol England was the first accredited woman physician. February 4 1841 - Clement Ader was a French inventor who was the first to fly a heavier-than-air craft.1875 - Ludwig Prandtl was a German physicist who is considered the father of aerodynamics.1903 - Alexander Oppenheim was a mathematician who wrote theà Oppenheim conjecture. February 5 1840 - John Boyd Dunlopà was a Scottish inventor who invented pneumatic rubber tires.1840 -à Hiram Maximà invented the automatic single-barrel rifle.1914 - Alan Hodgkin was a British physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1963 for his work on the central nervous system.1915 - Robert Hofstadter was anà American atomic physicist who won a Nobel Prize in 1961 for his work on electron scattering in atomic nuclei.1943 - Nolan Bushnellà was the founder ofà Atarià and the creator ofà Pong. February 6 1879 - Carl Ramsauer was a German research physicist who discovered the Ramsauer-Townsend effect.1890 - Anton Hermann Fokker was anà aviationà pioneer.1907 - Sam Green was a noted industrialist and inventor.1913 - Mary Leakey was aà British paleoanthropologist who discovered the first Proconsul skull, which belongs to a species of extinct ape that may be an ancestor of humans. February 7 1870 - Alfred Adler was theà Austrian psychiatrist first wrote about the Inferiority Complex.1905 - Ulf Svante von Euler was a Swedish physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1970. February 8 1828 - Jules Verne was a French writer who wrote From the Earth to the Moon and is considered the father ofà science fiction.1922 - Joeri Averbach was a noted Russian chess grandmaster. February 9 1871 - Howard T. Ricketts was an American pathologist who studied typhus fever.1910 - Jacques Monod was aà French biochemist whoà won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for work on enzyme and virus synthesis.1923 - Norman E. Shumway was a pioneer cardiac transplant surgery.1943 - Joseph E. Stiglitz was a noted American economist.1950 - Andrew N. Meltzoff was a noted developmental psychologist. February 10 1880 - Jesse G. Vincent was an engineer who designed the first V-12 engine.1896 - Alister Hardy was aà British scientist who was an expert on the marine ecosystems of everything from zooplankton to whales.1897 - John Franklin Ender was a microbiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1954 for his research into polio.1920 - Alex Comfort was an English physician who wrote The Joy of Sex.1941 - Dave Parnas is a Canadian computer scientist who pioneered information hiding in modular programming. February 11 1846 -à William Fox Talbotà was a pioneer photographer and inventor.1898 - Leo Szilard was aà Hungarian physicist who worked on the A-Bomb and later became a peace activist.1925 - Virginia Johnson was an American psychologist and part of the noted medical team of Masters and Johnson.1934 - Mary Quant is an English fashion designer who invented the Mod Look. February 12 1809 - Charles Darwinà was anà English scientist who discovered theà theory of evolutionà and wrote the Origin of Species.1813 - James Dwight Dana was an American scientist who pioneered the study of volcanic activity and theorized on the formation of continents.1815 - Edward Forbes was a British scientist who wrote extensively on marine biology.1948 - Ray Kurzweil was an American inventor who invented the flatbed scanner, the Kurzweil reading machine, the Kurzweil 1000 OCR software, the first commercially marketed large-vocabularyà speech-recognitionà software, and the Kurzweil 250 Music Synthesizer. February 13 1910 - William Shockley was an Americanà physicist who co-invented the transistor and won the Nobel Prize in 1956.1923 - Chuck Yeager was an American test pilot and the first man to break the sound barrier. February 14 1838 - Margaret Knightà invented a method of making paper bags.1859 - George Ferrisà invented theà Ferris Wheel, which is why the F is always capitalized in its name!1869 - Charles Wilson was an English physicist who invented theà Wilson cloud chamberà and won the Nobel Prize.1911 - Willem J. Kolff was anà American internist who invented the artificial kidney.1917 - Herbert A. Hauptman was anà American x-ray crystallographer who won the Nobel Prize in 1985. February 15 1809 -à Cyrus Hall McCormickà invented a mechanical reaper.1819 - Christopher Sholes inventedà theà typewriter.1834 - William Preece was an English electrical engineer who was a pioneer in wireless technology.1934 -à Niklaus Wirth was aà Swiss computer programmer who invented the PASCAL computer language. February 16 1740 - Giambattista Bodoni was anà Italian printer who invented typeface designs. February 17 1781 - Rene-Theophile-Hyacintheà Laennecà was aà French inventor who created theà stethoscope.1844 - Aaron Montgomery Ward founded the mail-order business, Montgomery Ward.1867 - William Cadbury was the English chocolate manufacturer who foundedà Cadbury.1874 - Thomas J. Watson was an American scientist who foundedà IBM. February 18 1743 - Alessandro Voltaà was an Italian physicist who invented theà voltaicà pile, theà first battery.1898 - Enzo Ferrari was the car manufacturer who invented the Ferrari. February 19 1473 - Nicolaus Copernicusà was famous for formulating a model of the universe with the sun at its center rather than the earth.1859 - Svante Augustà Arrhenius was aà Swedish physicist and chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1903.1927 - Reneà Firino-Martell was aà Cognac manufacturer who invented several types of Cognac. February 20 1844 - Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann is theà Austrian physicist who is considered the father of statistical mechanics.1901 - Rene Jules Dubos was a microbiologist who wrote Health and Disease.1937 - Robert Huber was theà German biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1988. February 21 1909 - Helen O. Dickens Henderson was an American physician and gynecologist. February 22 1796 - Adolphe Quetelet was a noted mathematician, astronomer, and statistician.1822 - Adolfà Kuszmaul was a German physician who invented the stomach pump and discovered Kuszmaul disease.1852 - Pieter K. Pel was an internist who discovered Pel-Ebstein fever.1857 - Robert Baden-Powell was the founder of Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides.1857 - Heinrich Hertzà was the first to broadcast and receive radio waves and helped to invent radar technology.1937 - Samuel Whitbread was a noted English brewer.1962 - Steve Irwin was an Australian biologist, zoologist, and nature TV show host who died while filming from a stingray attack. February 23 1898 - Reinhard Herbig was a German archaeologist.1947 - Colin Sanders is the British computer engineer who invented Solid State Logic.1953 - Sallie L. Baliunas isà a retired astrophysicist who studied global warming and ozone depletion. February 24 1955 -à Steve Jobsà co-foundedà Apple Computer. February 25 1904 - Adelle Davis was a naturalist and the author of Letsà Stay Healthy. February 26 1852 - John Harvey Kellogg started theà flaked-cerealà industry and founded Kellogg Cereal.1866 - Herbert Henry Dow was a pioneer in the chemical industry and founded Dow Chemical. February 27 1891 - David Sarnoff founded RCA.1897 - Bernard F.à Lyot was a French astronomer who invented the Lyot filter.1899 - Charles Best co-discoveredà Insulin. February 28 1933 - Geoffrey Maitland Smith founded Sears1663 - Thomas Newcomenà invented an improvedà steam engine.1896 - Philip Showalter Hench was anà American physician who discovered cortisone and won theà Nobel Prize.1901 - Linus Pauling was a chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1954 and 1962.1915 - English zoologist and immunologist, Peter Medawar won the Nobel Prize in 1953.1930 - Leon Cooper was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1972.1948 - Steven Chu is anà American scientist who co-won the Nobel Prizeà forà Physics in 1997. February 29 1860 -à Herman Hollerithà the inventor of the first electric tabulating machine was born on aà leap year. sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-64144229490924180512020-02-18T23:05:00.001-08:002020-02-18T23:05:02.410-08:00Compare and contrast Christianity with Islam and Judaism EssayCompare and contrast Christianity with Islam and Judaism - Essay Example All of them rely not so much on internal experience or mystical contact and leadership, as sacred rituals, faith and work, which lead man to God. Each of these religions believes that God has a special ââ¬Å"agreementâ⬠(covenant) with his followers, although ââ¬Å"terms and conditions of an agreementâ⬠are different. Jews, Christians and Muslims are united by faith in one God. All we pray to one God, compassionate and merciful Creator, but cognize him, at the same time, in totally different ways. St. Simeon, the New Theologian, who lived in Byzantium at the turn of the first and second millennia, gave the best, in my opinion, interpretation of Godââ¬â¢s cognition - God is cognized by us so far forth as we can see a boundless sea, standing at night on a coast with a small candle in hands (cited in Neusner, Chilton, and Graham 122). The oldest, out of the three, monotheistic religion of mankind is Judaism. It appeared 1000 BC approximately. The nomadic Hebrew tribes liv ed on the territory of ancient Egypt and around it. Their religious leaders, or prophets, partly borrowed their ideas from religious beliefs, which spread in the region by that time, but with one great difference ââ¬â they practiced the religion in one Almighty God. Hebrews believe that God requires obedience to a strict moral code and claim that they have a monopoly on the truth, considering, thus, their religion as the only correct one. Christianity inherited from Judaism many of the views, which subsequently became its integral part. ââ¬Å"Both Christianity and Islam recognize Judaism as being a foundation for their beliefs. And Judaism, for its part, recognizes that there is a human history that precedes it.â⬠(Golomb 18)...Belief takes many different forms; these forms are called religions. The word ââ¬Å"religionâ⬠is literally translated from Latin as ââ¬Å"connection.â⬠Connection with God. Connection with the Universe. Connection with people around. A l ot of different religions existed and exist now.The main concept of Christianity is a belief in Jesus Christ, the only God-Man, and Savior. Jesus was an orthodox Jew and Christianity emerged as a sect within Judaism. By the way, it is not clear still whether Jesus wanted to create his own religion. Another great truth of Christianity is the Trinity of God. Most Christians, and especially non-Christians, have a very poor understanding of the Tripersonality. Part of Jews and Muslims even believe that Christians are not monotheists, but tritheists. (Muslims believe in one God, who is called God the Father in Christianity). The Christian church included into the Bible Hebrew Scriptures ââ¬â the Old Testament, a common sacred text of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Islam, the second largest world religion, and Christianity have partly common origin. Islam comes from the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, who lived in the VII century BC and is based on The Five Pillars of Islam - fiv e essential religious duties. Muslims believe that Allah has spoken through the previous prophets, including Moses and Jesus, who shared faith with Hebrews and Christians before the advent of Muhammad, whose doctrine is the most accurate expression of Allahââ¬â¢s will. sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-9072034300358668702020-02-04T01:52:00.001-08:002020-02-04T01:52:03.327-08:00Realisms, Fantasy And Utopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsRealisms, Fantasy And Utopia - Essay Example However, mansions and gold have proven to be resources of greed and unhappiness throughout human history and to be in the presence of God would be to stand in stark contrast to pure Grace, the human existence frail and without virtue in comparison, thus there is no way in which a human can understand what it would mean to live in a state of perfection. When trying to imagine Utopia, it is likely that it will change from individual to individual. Thus, Utopia, as it is represented as a community, cannot exist as perfection, a place in which perfect peace and harmony can be found, would not exist. There is little that can be found in this world that represents a one-sided place in which all things are found to have value and elevated meaning to all people who reside in this place. Utopia must be all things to all of its inhabitance, and there has been no place, time, or setting in which this type of nirvana has been reached. Human existence is defined by its struggles, by the way in wh ich one point of view comes into conflict with another. In fact, this type of conflict is necessary for the satisfaction of many people. Thus, a place with harmony and without conflict would be a hell for some people, their ambitions stilted by the inability to engage in conflicts of ideologies. Without those types of conflicts, dissatisfaction would be born of complacency, apathy, and boredom. To find perfection would kill the spirit, thus the humanity of human life would be discovered undone. Therefore, the only type of Utopia that could exist would not be in creating a place that left all people fulfilled and in peace, but one that changed the human nature to no longer have ambition. In this world, bliss would rule the human spirit, thus whatever existed within the space that was Utopia, would allow for harmony and satisfaction. The fact is that Utopia cannot be a place, it can only be a condition of life, a situated state in which the human need to strive and to be in conflict i n order to achieve greater achievement and enlightenment was no longer a part of the human experience. Utopia is not a place, thus it cannot be achieved. This type of place is not within the ability of human imagination. To write of existence is to frame a place in which nothing happens, thus there is no story to its existence. Nothing would happen because if it were a true place, if Utopia existed, the people within it would move through their days without highs and lows of emotions. Without these highs and lows, there is no measure of emotional feeling, thus to know joy would not exist because there would be no sorrow against which to measure it. People have understood this through their religious history. Of all things, religion is the ultimate proof that Utopia cannot exist. There is no religion that has been found in the research for this discourse that does not reveal the need for balance. The closest is the Judeo-Christian religion that sets a course of beliefs that intends t hat the balance of good, the evil that weights the darker side of sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-25192773446763000102020-01-26T22:14:00.001-08:002020-01-26T22:14:06.100-08:00Analysis Of Hedge Fund PerformancesAnalysis Of Hedge Fund Performances 1. INTRODUTION: Hedge funds are actively managed portfolios that hold positions in publicly traded securities. Gaurav S. Amin and Harry M. Kat (2000) stated on their report that A hedge fund is typically defined as a pooled investment vehicle that is privately organized, administrated by professional investment managers, and not widely available to the public? It charges both a performance fee and a management fee. It allows a flexible investment for a small number of large investors (usually the minimum investment is $1 million) can use high risk techniques. Nowadays it is very clear that in the matter of alternative investment mutual fund is not performing well. As a high absolute returns and typically have features such as hurdle rates and incentive fees with high watermark provision hedge fund gives a better align to the interests of managers and investors. Moreover mutual funds typically use a long-only buy-and-hold type strategy on standard asset classes, which help to capture risk premia asso ciate with equity risk, interest rate risk, default risk etc. However, they are not very helpful in capturing risk premia associate with dynamic trading strategies. That is why hedge fund comes into the picture. This is the year of 2009, which takes the greatest history of the world in the following century. In the year of 2008 the world saw the greatest fall down of the world economy. Lots of people missing their jobs, lots of company were stopped. The world economy faced the highest losses in the history. These all factors are showing only one way to makeover from that greatest downfall that is hedging. 3The last couple of decades have witnessed a rapidly growing in the hedge funds. Relative to traditional investment portfolios hedge funds exhibit some unique characteristics; they are flexible with respect to the types of securities they hold and the type of the position they take. 1 Agarwal, V. and Naik, N. (2000). Multi-period performance persistence analysis of hedge fund s?. The journal of financial and quantitative analysis. Vol. 35, No,3. PP-327. 2 Agarwal, V. and Naik, N. (2004). Risks and portfolio decisions involving hedge funds?. The review of financial studies, Vol. 17, No.1. PP-64. 3 Journal of banking and finance 32(2008) 741-753- Hedge Fund Pricing and Model Uncertainty? by Spyridan D. Vrontos, Ioannis D. Vrontos, Daniel Giomouridies. 4The number of FOHFs increase by 40% between 2001 and 2003, and now comprised almost two third of the $650 billion invested in the USAs hedge fund market. Due to its nature it is difficult to estimate the current size of hedge fund industry. 5Van Hedge Fund Advisors estimates that by the end of 1998 there were 5380 hedge fund managing $311 in capital, with between $800 billion and $1 trillion in total assets, which indicates the higher number of recent new entries. So far, hedge fund is based on American phenomena. About 90% hedge fund managers are based in the US, 9% in Europe and 1% in Asia and elsewhere. Now a days around 5883 hedge funds are trading around the world. (*Barclay Hedge database) 4 Financial times, 29th October, 2003. www.vanhedge.com http://www.barclayhedge.com/products/hedge-fund-directory.html 1.1 Categories of Hedge fund investment objectives: Event Driven: Distressed securities- manager focuses on securities of companies in reorganization and bankruptcy, ranging from senior secured debt to the common stock of the company. Risk arbitrage- manager simultaneously buys stock in a company being acquired and sells stock in its acquirers. Global: International- manager pays attention to economic change around the world (except the United States) but more bottom-up oriented in that managers tend to be stock-pickers in markets they like. Uses index derivatives to a much lesser extent than macro managers. Emerging- Manager invests in less mature financial markets of the world, e.g. Hong Kong, Singapore, Pakistan, India. Because shorting is not permitted in many emerging markets, managers must go to cash or other markets when valuations make being long unattractive. Regional- Manager focuses on specific regions of the world, example- Latin America, Asia, and Europe. Global macro: Opportunistic trading manager that profits from changes in global economies typically based in major interest rate shifts. Uses leverage and derivatives. Market neutral: Long/short stocks- half long/half short. Manager attempts to lock-out or neutralize market risk. Convertible arbitrage- Manager goes long convertible securities and shorts the underlying equities. Stock index arbitrage- Manager buys a basket of stocks and sells short stock index futures, or the reverse. Fixed income arbitrage- Manager buys T-bonds and sells short index futures or the reverse. Short sales: Manager takes a position that stock prices will go down. Used as a hedge for long only portfolios and by those who feel market is approaching a bearish trend. U.S Opportunistic: Value ââ¬Å" Manager focuses on assets, cash flow, book value, out-of-favor stocks. Growth ââ¬Å" Manager invests in growth stocks, revenues, earnings, and growth potential are keys. Short term ââ¬Å" Manager holds positions for a short time frame. Fund of fund: Capital is allocated among a number of hedge funds, providing investors with access to managers they might not be able to discover or evaluate in their own. Usually has a lower minimum than a hedge fund. Source: Carl Ackermann, Richard McEnally, and David Ravenscraft, The performance of hedge funds: Risk, Return and Incentives,? Journal of finance 54, no.3 (June 1999) figure 1, page-843. Reproduced from a hedge fund database firm named Managed Account Report (MAR) Inc, and distributed through LaPorte Asset Allocation System. 2. Literature review: Despite the increasing interest and recent development, few studies have been carried out on hedge funds comparing to other investment tools like mutual funds. An analysis of Hedge Fund performance 1984-2000? by Capocci Daniel using one of the greatest hedge fund database ever used on his working paper (2796 individual funds including 801 dissolved), to investigate hedge funds performance using various asset-pricing models, including an extension from of Carharts (1997) model combined with Fama and French (1998), Agarwal and Naik (2000) models that take into account the fact that some hedge funds invest in emerging market bond. At the end they found that their model does a better job describing hedge funds behaviour. That appears particularly good for the Event Driven, Global Macro, US Opportunistic, Equity non-Hedge and Sector funds. Since the early 1990s, when around 2000 hedge funds were managing assets totalling capital of $60 billion, the subsequent growth in the number and asset base of hedge funds has never really been refuted. The industry only suffered from a relative slowdown in 1998, but since then has enjoyed a renewed vitality with an estimated total of 10,000funds managing more than a trillion US dollars by the end of 2006. The growing trend of the sector remained remarkably sustained during the stock market collapse that started in March 2000, when the NASDAQ composite Index reached an all-time high of 5,132 and finished three years later with a floor level of 1,253. In the meantime, the global met asset value (NAV) of hedge funds continued to grow at a steady rate of 10.6% (Van Hedge Funds Advisors International, 2002), contrasting with a decrease of 2.7% in the worldwide mutual fund industry ( Investment Company Institute, 2003). In 2001, Capocci and Hubner(2004) estimated that there were 6,000 he dge fund managing around $400 billion. In 2007, Capocci, Duquenne and Hubner (2007) estimated that there were 10,000 hedge funds managing around $1 trillion. This is a growth of 11% in the number of funds and 26% in assets over six years (6PhD thesis paper by Daniel P.J. Capocci). Other studies from practitioners Hennessee (1994), and Oberuc (1994) also showed an evidence of superior performance in the case of hedge funds. Ackernann and Al. (1999) and Liang (1999) who compared the performance of hedge funds to mutual funds and several indices, found that hedge funds constantly obtained better performance than mutual funds. Their performance was not better than the performance of the market indices considered. They also indicated that the returns in hedge funds were more unstable than both the returns of mutual funds and those of market indices. According to Brown and Al. (1997) hedge funds showing good performance in the first part of the year reduce the volatility of their portfolio in the second half of the year (Capocci Daniel- An analysis of hedge fund performance 1984-2000). Taking all these results into account hedge funds seems a good investment tool. 6 PhD thesis paper by Daniel P.J. Capocci. Electronic copy available at: http//ssrn.com/abstract=1008319. 3. Research design and Methodology: In this section I would like to describe the empirical methodology to be used to measure the performance of hedge fund as well as the performance of FTSE 100 and SP 500. My aim is to identify which will give the better return for an investor. To investigate hedge funds performance and performance of FTSE 100 and SP 500 my study will follow some models like 4-factor model from of Carharts (1997) model, the 3-factor model from Fama and French (1993) models, the Sharpe ratio (1966) and Jensens alpha (1968) and CAPM. I divide my research into three sections. First section will analyse the performance of hedge funds, FTSE 100 and SP 500. This section sets out the models of performance measurement I will use. Second section will made correlation between Hedge fund vs. FTSE 100 and Hedge fund vs. SP 500 to find out the better portfolio. Third section will exposes a discussion as well as a description of my database and finally concludes the paper. 3.1. Performance measure models: The 4-factor model from Carhart (1997) Carharts (1997) 4-factor model is an extension of the Fama and French (1993) factor model. It not only takes into account the size of the firms, the book to market ratio, but there is an additional factor for the momentum effect. Grinblatt, Titman and Wermers (1995) define this effect as buying stocks that were past winners and selling past losers. This model is estimated with the following regressions: Rpt-Rft=ÃŽà ±p+ÃŽà ²pi (Rmt ââ¬Å"Rft) + ÃŽà ²p2 SMBt +ÃŽà ²p3 HMLt + ÃŽà ²p4 PR1YRt + ept t= 1,2,,T Where SMBt= the factor mimicking portfolios for size; HMLt= the factor mimicking portfolio for book to market equity; PR1YRt= the factor mimicking portfolio for the momentum effect7 7 for a description of the construction of PR1YR see Carhart (1997). As stressed by Daniel et al. (1997), this model, which is effectively a four factor Jensen measure, assumes that betas with respect to the returns of four zero investment factor mimicking portfolios, are appropriate measures of multidimensional systematic risk. According to this model, in the absence of stock selection or timing abilities, the expected return for a fund is the sum of the risk free return and the products of the betas with the factor risk premium, which are simply the expected returns of each of these zero investment portfolios. The Carhart (1997) approach identifies a matching passive portfolio return for each fund return. This passive return, which is subtracted from the fund return to generate ÃŽà ±p, is a weighted average of the returns of the Carhart factor portfolios and the return of a one month T-bill (Capocci Daniel 2001, Journal- European Private Bankers, Nov, 2001). The 3-factor model from Fama and French (1993): Fama and French (1993) 3 factor model is estimated from an expected form of the CAPM regression. It takes the size and the book to market ratio of the firm into account. It uses the time series approach from Black, Jensen, and Scholles (1972) in the sense that the monthly returns on stocks are regressed on the returns to a market portfolio of stocks and mimicking portfolios for size and book to market. It is estimated from the following extension of the CAPM regression: Rpt-Rft=ÃŽà ±p+ÃŽà ²pi (Rmt ââ¬Å"Rft) + ÃŽà ²p2 SMBt +ÃŽà ²p3 HMLt + ept t= 1,2,,T Where, SMBt= the factor mimicking portfolios for size, and HMLt= the factor mimicking portfolio for book to market equity. SMLt which comes from small minus big meant to mimic the risk factor in returns related to size, and HMLt which comes from high minus low meant to mimic the risk factor in returns related to book to market equity8. HML (respectively SMB) is neutral relative to the size effect (respectively to the book to market). This means that these factors do a good job isolating the firm-specific components of returns (Fama and French 1993, 1995, 1996 and 2000). 8 See Fama and French (1993) for a precise description of the construction of SMBt and HMLt. The Sharp Ratio (1966): The Sharp ratios (1966) calculate the ratio of the average excess return and the return standard deviation of the fund that is being evaluated. As such it measures the excess return per unit of risk. Assuming all asset returns to be normally distributed, the CAPM tells us that in equilibrium the highest attainable Sharpe ratio is that of the market index. In more general terms, the market indexs sharp ratio represents the set of return distributions that is obtained when statically combining the market index with cash. With the market index being highly diversified, these distributions offer the highest achievable expected return for every possible standard deviation (Gaurav S. Amin and Harry M.Kat (2002), Hedge fund performance 1990-2000). Jensens Alpha (1968): Jensens alpha was introduced in Jensen (1968) and equals the intercept of the regression: (Rh-Rf)= ÃŽà ± + ÃŽà ² (Ri- Rf) + eh, Where Rh is the fund return, Rf is the risk free rate and Ri is the total return on the market index. Like the Sharpe ratio, Jensens alpha is rooted in the CAPM. According to the CAPM, in equilibrium all (portfolios of) assets with the same beta will offer the same expected return, any positive deviation therefore indicates superior performance (Gaurav S. Amin and Harry M.Kat (2002), Hedge fund performance 1990-2000). Capital Asset Pricing Model: The first performance model that will be used is a capital asset pricing based single index model (CAPM). This model developed by Sharpe (1964) and Linter (1965) is the oldest performance evaluation model. Its formula is the following: Rpt ââ¬Å" Rft = ÃŽà ±p + ÃŽà ²p (Rmt-Rft) + ept t= 1,2,, T Where, Rpt= return of fund p in month t, Rft= risk free return on month t, Rmt= return of the market portfolio on month t, ept= the error term, ÃŽà ±p and ÃŽà ²p= the intercept and the slope of the regression estimated. The intercept of this equation, ÃŽà ±p commonly called Jensens alpha (1968) is usually interpreted as a measure of out or under performance relative to the market proxy used. There are several extension of this model have been developed like- the Breeden (1979) intertemporal CAPM or the Ferson and Schadt (1996) CAPM that allows time variation in the expected returns and the risk (Capocci Daniel 2001, An analysis of hedge fund performance 1984- 2000). 4. Data Preparation: For data preparation my first step will be to collect the monthly data of the hedge fund index, FTSE 100 and SP 500. For my data collection I will use some sources like- Credit Suisse/ Tremont Hedge Fund Index (CSTHFI hereafter) which is an appropriate representative of the entire hedge fund industry, there are three biggest database of hedge fund in the world these are Managed Account Reports (MAR), Hedge Fund Research, Inc (HFR) and TASS Management (TASS). These databases were the most used in academic and commercial hedge fund studies. For the FTSE 100 and SP 500 I will use yahoo finance. 4.1. Bias in Hedge fund data: According to Ackermann et al. (1999) and to Fung and Hsieh (2000), two upward biases exist in the case of hedge funds. They do not exist in the case of mutual funds, and they both have an opposite impact to the survivorship bias. Survivorship bias is an important issue in mutual funds performance studies (see Carhart and al. 2000). This bias is present when a database contains only funds that have data for the whole period studies. In this case, there is a risk of overestimating the mean performance because the funds that would have ceased to exist because of their bad performance would not be taken into account. The two upward biases exist because, since hedge funds are not allowed to advertise, they consider inclusion in a database primarily as a marketing tool. The first phenomenon stressed by Ackermann and al. (1999) and called the self-selection bias is present because funds that realize good performance have less incentive to report their performance to data providers in order to attract new investors. The second point called instant history bias or backfilled bias (Fung and Hsieh 2000) occurs because after inclusion a funds performance history is backfilled. This may cause an upward bias because funds with less satisfactory performance history are less likely to apply for inclusion than funds with good performance history (Capocci Daniel 2001, An analysis of hedge fund performance 1984- 2000). To avoid these biases I will try to take all funds both living and dissolved into account. Once I have collected all the data that I need I will use SPSS to test the correlation between my two benchmarks FTSE 100 and SP 500. 5. Contingency Plan: To make my research effective I made a well constructed plan. I have drafted a project plan (Appendix A) with scheduled dates for when I intend to complete sections for submission. After completing my final exam I will jump in to this field. Advises from previous students who completed their dissertation, I made my project plan flexible to keep some things in mind like supervisors holiday and any unforeseen events such as my illness. I will try to keep a good communication with my supervisor for checking that I am in right track. I plan to make some formal meetings with my supervisor to discuss my progress and I will try to inform him about the state of my work. It is hard to spending too much time over one task and going off track, I hope I will manage this if there is no rush at the very last minute. Another worry is the collecting and analysing the data, that is why I plan to collect the data early June once I have finished my research design. If I face any kind of difficulties I will inform him and make a cut-off point where I should stop searching the board data and start my own primary data. As I do all SPSS classes and briefly touched about this, I think it will be easy to analyze the data but I need to increase a bit of use of control on it by practicing more. So I will set aside time for collecting data and practice more SPSS for regression analysis. I hope if all these go well, I will make my dissertation very effectively. Analysis Of Hedge Fund Performances Analysis Of Hedge Fund Performances 1. INTRODUTION: Hedge funds are actively managed portfolios that hold positions in publicly traded securities. Gaurav S. Amin and Harry M. Kat (2000) stated on their report that A hedge fund is typically defined as a pooled investment vehicle that is privately organized, administrated by professional investment managers, and not widely available to the public? It charges both a performance fee and a management fee. It allows a flexible investment for a small number of large investors (usually the minimum investment is $1 million) can use high risk techniques. Nowadays it is very clear that in the matter of alternative investment mutual fund is not performing well. As a high absolute returns and typically have features such as hurdle rates and incentive fees with high watermark provision hedge fund gives a better align to the interests of managers and investors. Moreover mutual funds typically use a long-only buy-and-hold type strategy on standard asset classes, which help to capture risk premia asso ciate with equity risk, interest rate risk, default risk etc. However, they are not very helpful in capturing risk premia associate with dynamic trading strategies. That is why hedge fund comes into the picture. This is the year of 2009, which takes the greatest history of the world in the following century. In the year of 2008 the world saw the greatest fall down of the world economy. Lots of people missing their jobs, lots of company were stopped. The world economy faced the highest losses in the history. These all factors are showing only one way to makeover from that greatest downfall that is hedging. 3The last couple of decades have witnessed a rapidly growing in the hedge funds. Relative to traditional investment portfolios hedge funds exhibit some unique characteristics; they are flexible with respect to the types of securities they hold and the type of the position they take. 1 Agarwal, V. and Naik, N. (2000). Multi-period performance persistence analysis of hedge fund s?. The journal of financial and quantitative analysis. Vol. 35, No,3. PP-327. 2 Agarwal, V. and Naik, N. (2004). Risks and portfolio decisions involving hedge funds?. The review of financial studies, Vol. 17, No.1. PP-64. 3 Journal of banking and finance 32(2008) 741-753- Hedge Fund Pricing and Model Uncertainty? by Spyridan D. Vrontos, Ioannis D. Vrontos, Daniel Giomouridies. 4The number of FOHFs increase by 40% between 2001 and 2003, and now comprised almost two third of the $650 billion invested in the USAs hedge fund market. Due to its nature it is difficult to estimate the current size of hedge fund industry. 5Van Hedge Fund Advisors estimates that by the end of 1998 there were 5380 hedge fund managing $311 in capital, with between $800 billion and $1 trillion in total assets, which indicates the higher number of recent new entries. So far, hedge fund is based on American phenomena. About 90% hedge fund managers are based in the US, 9% in Europe and 1% in Asia and elsewhere. Now a days around 5883 hedge funds are trading around the world. (*Barclay Hedge database) 4 Financial times, 29th October, 2003. www.vanhedge.com http://www.barclayhedge.com/products/hedge-fund-directory.html 1.1 Categories of Hedge fund investment objectives: Event Driven: Distressed securities- manager focuses on securities of companies in reorganization and bankruptcy, ranging from senior secured debt to the common stock of the company. Risk arbitrage- manager simultaneously buys stock in a company being acquired and sells stock in its acquirers. Global: International- manager pays attention to economic change around the world (except the United States) but more bottom-up oriented in that managers tend to be stock-pickers in markets they like. Uses index derivatives to a much lesser extent than macro managers. Emerging- Manager invests in less mature financial markets of the world, e.g. Hong Kong, Singapore, Pakistan, India. Because shorting is not permitted in many emerging markets, managers must go to cash or other markets when valuations make being long unattractive. Regional- Manager focuses on specific regions of the world, example- Latin America, Asia, and Europe. Global macro: Opportunistic trading manager that profits from changes in global economies typically based in major interest rate shifts. Uses leverage and derivatives. Market neutral: Long/short stocks- half long/half short. Manager attempts to lock-out or neutralize market risk. Convertible arbitrage- Manager goes long convertible securities and shorts the underlying equities. Stock index arbitrage- Manager buys a basket of stocks and sells short stock index futures, or the reverse. Fixed income arbitrage- Manager buys T-bonds and sells short index futures or the reverse. Short sales: Manager takes a position that stock prices will go down. Used as a hedge for long only portfolios and by those who feel market is approaching a bearish trend. U.S Opportunistic: Value ââ¬Å" Manager focuses on assets, cash flow, book value, out-of-favor stocks. Growth ââ¬Å" Manager invests in growth stocks, revenues, earnings, and growth potential are keys. Short term ââ¬Å" Manager holds positions for a short time frame. Fund of fund: Capital is allocated among a number of hedge funds, providing investors with access to managers they might not be able to discover or evaluate in their own. Usually has a lower minimum than a hedge fund. Source: Carl Ackermann, Richard McEnally, and David Ravenscraft, The performance of hedge funds: Risk, Return and Incentives,? Journal of finance 54, no.3 (June 1999) figure 1, page-843. Reproduced from a hedge fund database firm named Managed Account Report (MAR) Inc, and distributed through LaPorte Asset Allocation System. 2. Literature review: Despite the increasing interest and recent development, few studies have been carried out on hedge funds comparing to other investment tools like mutual funds. An analysis of Hedge Fund performance 1984-2000? by Capocci Daniel using one of the greatest hedge fund database ever used on his working paper (2796 individual funds including 801 dissolved), to investigate hedge funds performance using various asset-pricing models, including an extension from of Carharts (1997) model combined with Fama and French (1998), Agarwal and Naik (2000) models that take into account the fact that some hedge funds invest in emerging market bond. At the end they found that their model does a better job describing hedge funds behaviour. That appears particularly good for the Event Driven, Global Macro, US Opportunistic, Equity non-Hedge and Sector funds. Since the early 1990s, when around 2000 hedge funds were managing assets totalling capital of $60 billion, the subsequent growth in the number and asset base of hedge funds has never really been refuted. The industry only suffered from a relative slowdown in 1998, but since then has enjoyed a renewed vitality with an estimated total of 10,000funds managing more than a trillion US dollars by the end of 2006. The growing trend of the sector remained remarkably sustained during the stock market collapse that started in March 2000, when the NASDAQ composite Index reached an all-time high of 5,132 and finished three years later with a floor level of 1,253. In the meantime, the global met asset value (NAV) of hedge funds continued to grow at a steady rate of 10.6% (Van Hedge Funds Advisors International, 2002), contrasting with a decrease of 2.7% in the worldwide mutual fund industry ( Investment Company Institute, 2003). In 2001, Capocci and Hubner(2004) estimated that there were 6,000 he dge fund managing around $400 billion. In 2007, Capocci, Duquenne and Hubner (2007) estimated that there were 10,000 hedge funds managing around $1 trillion. This is a growth of 11% in the number of funds and 26% in assets over six years (6PhD thesis paper by Daniel P.J. Capocci). Other studies from practitioners Hennessee (1994), and Oberuc (1994) also showed an evidence of superior performance in the case of hedge funds. Ackernann and Al. (1999) and Liang (1999) who compared the performance of hedge funds to mutual funds and several indices, found that hedge funds constantly obtained better performance than mutual funds. Their performance was not better than the performance of the market indices considered. They also indicated that the returns in hedge funds were more unstable than both the returns of mutual funds and those of market indices. According to Brown and Al. (1997) hedge funds showing good performance in the first part of the year reduce the volatility of their portfolio in the second half of the year (Capocci Daniel- An analysis of hedge fund performance 1984-2000). Taking all these results into account hedge funds seems a good investment tool. 6 PhD thesis paper by Daniel P.J. Capocci. Electronic copy available at: http//ssrn.com/abstract=1008319. 3. Research design and Methodology: In this section I would like to describe the empirical methodology to be used to measure the performance of hedge fund as well as the performance of FTSE 100 and SP 500. My aim is to identify which will give the better return for an investor. To investigate hedge funds performance and performance of FTSE 100 and SP 500 my study will follow some models like 4-factor model from of Carharts (1997) model, the 3-factor model from Fama and French (1993) models, the Sharpe ratio (1966) and Jensens alpha (1968) and CAPM. I divide my research into three sections. First section will analyse the performance of hedge funds, FTSE 100 and SP 500. This section sets out the models of performance measurement I will use. Second section will made correlation between Hedge fund vs. FTSE 100 and Hedge fund vs. SP 500 to find out the better portfolio. Third section will exposes a discussion as well as a description of my database and finally concludes the paper. 3.1. Performance measure models: The 4-factor model from Carhart (1997) Carharts (1997) 4-factor model is an extension of the Fama and French (1993) factor model. It not only takes into account the size of the firms, the book to market ratio, but there is an additional factor for the momentum effect. Grinblatt, Titman and Wermers (1995) define this effect as buying stocks that were past winners and selling past losers. This model is estimated with the following regressions: Rpt-Rft=ÃŽà ±p+ÃŽà ²pi (Rmt ââ¬Å"Rft) + ÃŽà ²p2 SMBt +ÃŽà ²p3 HMLt + ÃŽà ²p4 PR1YRt + ept t= 1,2,,T Where SMBt= the factor mimicking portfolios for size; HMLt= the factor mimicking portfolio for book to market equity; PR1YRt= the factor mimicking portfolio for the momentum effect7 7 for a description of the construction of PR1YR see Carhart (1997). As stressed by Daniel et al. (1997), this model, which is effectively a four factor Jensen measure, assumes that betas with respect to the returns of four zero investment factor mimicking portfolios, are appropriate measures of multidimensional systematic risk. According to this model, in the absence of stock selection or timing abilities, the expected return for a fund is the sum of the risk free return and the products of the betas with the factor risk premium, which are simply the expected returns of each of these zero investment portfolios. The Carhart (1997) approach identifies a matching passive portfolio return for each fund return. This passive return, which is subtracted from the fund return to generate ÃŽà ±p, is a weighted average of the returns of the Carhart factor portfolios and the return of a one month T-bill (Capocci Daniel 2001, Journal- European Private Bankers, Nov, 2001). The 3-factor model from Fama and French (1993): Fama and French (1993) 3 factor model is estimated from an expected form of the CAPM regression. It takes the size and the book to market ratio of the firm into account. It uses the time series approach from Black, Jensen, and Scholles (1972) in the sense that the monthly returns on stocks are regressed on the returns to a market portfolio of stocks and mimicking portfolios for size and book to market. It is estimated from the following extension of the CAPM regression: Rpt-Rft=ÃŽà ±p+ÃŽà ²pi (Rmt ââ¬Å"Rft) + ÃŽà ²p2 SMBt +ÃŽà ²p3 HMLt + ept t= 1,2,,T Where, SMBt= the factor mimicking portfolios for size, and HMLt= the factor mimicking portfolio for book to market equity. SMLt which comes from small minus big meant to mimic the risk factor in returns related to size, and HMLt which comes from high minus low meant to mimic the risk factor in returns related to book to market equity8. HML (respectively SMB) is neutral relative to the size effect (respectively to the book to market). This means that these factors do a good job isolating the firm-specific components of returns (Fama and French 1993, 1995, 1996 and 2000). 8 See Fama and French (1993) for a precise description of the construction of SMBt and HMLt. The Sharp Ratio (1966): The Sharp ratios (1966) calculate the ratio of the average excess return and the return standard deviation of the fund that is being evaluated. As such it measures the excess return per unit of risk. Assuming all asset returns to be normally distributed, the CAPM tells us that in equilibrium the highest attainable Sharpe ratio is that of the market index. In more general terms, the market indexs sharp ratio represents the set of return distributions that is obtained when statically combining the market index with cash. With the market index being highly diversified, these distributions offer the highest achievable expected return for every possible standard deviation (Gaurav S. Amin and Harry M.Kat (2002), Hedge fund performance 1990-2000). Jensens Alpha (1968): Jensens alpha was introduced in Jensen (1968) and equals the intercept of the regression: (Rh-Rf)= ÃŽà ± + ÃŽà ² (Ri- Rf) + eh, Where Rh is the fund return, Rf is the risk free rate and Ri is the total return on the market index. Like the Sharpe ratio, Jensens alpha is rooted in the CAPM. According to the CAPM, in equilibrium all (portfolios of) assets with the same beta will offer the same expected return, any positive deviation therefore indicates superior performance (Gaurav S. Amin and Harry M.Kat (2002), Hedge fund performance 1990-2000). Capital Asset Pricing Model: The first performance model that will be used is a capital asset pricing based single index model (CAPM). This model developed by Sharpe (1964) and Linter (1965) is the oldest performance evaluation model. Its formula is the following: Rpt ââ¬Å" Rft = ÃŽà ±p + ÃŽà ²p (Rmt-Rft) + ept t= 1,2,, T Where, Rpt= return of fund p in month t, Rft= risk free return on month t, Rmt= return of the market portfolio on month t, ept= the error term, ÃŽà ±p and ÃŽà ²p= the intercept and the slope of the regression estimated. The intercept of this equation, ÃŽà ±p commonly called Jensens alpha (1968) is usually interpreted as a measure of out or under performance relative to the market proxy used. There are several extension of this model have been developed like- the Breeden (1979) intertemporal CAPM or the Ferson and Schadt (1996) CAPM that allows time variation in the expected returns and the risk (Capocci Daniel 2001, An analysis of hedge fund performance 1984- 2000). 4. Data Preparation: For data preparation my first step will be to collect the monthly data of the hedge fund index, FTSE 100 and SP 500. For my data collection I will use some sources like- Credit Suisse/ Tremont Hedge Fund Index (CSTHFI hereafter) which is an appropriate representative of the entire hedge fund industry, there are three biggest database of hedge fund in the world these are Managed Account Reports (MAR), Hedge Fund Research, Inc (HFR) and TASS Management (TASS). These databases were the most used in academic and commercial hedge fund studies. For the FTSE 100 and SP 500 I will use yahoo finance. 4.1. Bias in Hedge fund data: According to Ackermann et al. (1999) and to Fung and Hsieh (2000), two upward biases exist in the case of hedge funds. They do not exist in the case of mutual funds, and they both have an opposite impact to the survivorship bias. Survivorship bias is an important issue in mutual funds performance studies (see Carhart and al. 2000). This bias is present when a database contains only funds that have data for the whole period studies. In this case, there is a risk of overestimating the mean performance because the funds that would have ceased to exist because of their bad performance would not be taken into account. The two upward biases exist because, since hedge funds are not allowed to advertise, they consider inclusion in a database primarily as a marketing tool. The first phenomenon stressed by Ackermann and al. (1999) and called the self-selection bias is present because funds that realize good performance have less incentive to report their performance to data providers in order to attract new investors. The second point called instant history bias or backfilled bias (Fung and Hsieh 2000) occurs because after inclusion a funds performance history is backfilled. This may cause an upward bias because funds with less satisfactory performance history are less likely to apply for inclusion than funds with good performance history (Capocci Daniel 2001, An analysis of hedge fund performance 1984- 2000). To avoid these biases I will try to take all funds both living and dissolved into account. Once I have collected all the data that I need I will use SPSS to test the correlation between my two benchmarks FTSE 100 and SP 500. 5. Contingency Plan: To make my research effective I made a well constructed plan. I have drafted a project plan (Appendix A) with scheduled dates for when I intend to complete sections for submission. After completing my final exam I will jump in to this field. Advises from previous students who completed their dissertation, I made my project plan flexible to keep some things in mind like supervisors holiday and any unforeseen events such as my illness. I will try to keep a good communication with my supervisor for checking that I am in right track. I plan to make some formal meetings with my supervisor to discuss my progress and I will try to inform him about the state of my work. It is hard to spending too much time over one task and going off track, I hope I will manage this if there is no rush at the very last minute. Another worry is the collecting and analysing the data, that is why I plan to collect the data early June once I have finished my research design. If I face any kind of difficulties I will inform him and make a cut-off point where I should stop searching the board data and start my own primary data. As I do all SPSS classes and briefly touched about this, I think it will be easy to analyze the data but I need to increase a bit of use of control on it by practicing more. So I will set aside time for collecting data and practice more SPSS for regression analysis. I hope if all these go well, I will make my dissertation very effectively. sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-67737707852490411942020-01-18T18:38:00.001-08:002020-01-18T18:38:03.657-08:00Deliberately is to think about your actions EssayCheckpoint 1 Living deliberately is to think about your actions, and to make good choices based on the consequences of those actions. One also prioritizes the more important things in life.Living deliberately is to think about your actions, and to make good choices based on the consequences of those actions. One also prioritizes the more important things in life.Living deliberately is to think about your actions, and to make good choices based on the consequences of those actions. One also prioritizes the more important things in life.Living deliberately is to think about your actions, and to make good choices based on the consequences of those actions. One also prioritizes the more important things in life.Living deliberately is to think about your actions, and to make good choices based on the consequences of those actions. One also prioritizes the more important things in life.Living deliberately is to think about your actions, and to make good choices based on the consequences of those actions. One also prioritizes the more important things in life.Living deliberately is to think about your actions, and to make good choices based on the consequences of those actions. One also prioritizes the more important things in life. Viewpoint 1 I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die.I think the essential facts of life are to be born, to live and to die. Viewpoint 2 I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living. I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light a t the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living. I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living. I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living. I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living. I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living. I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living an good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living.I think, ââ¬Å"To live what is not life,â⬠means you are not living a good life, you are not happy and you cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel. Perhaps you feel invisible or maybe you are being bullied. I think that is ââ¬Å"to live what is not lifeâ⬠, because life is supposed to have good times and sad times. When you only experience the sad times, you are not truly living. sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-28654578123223670422020-01-10T15:02:00.001-08:002020-01-10T15:02:02.732-08:00The Responsible CitizenResponsibilities of a citizen| April 3 2013 | The responsibilities of a citizen. Responsibilities of a citizen General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform general public on the true responsibilities of a citizen Thesis Statement: Embrace a far more holistic and positive outlook on what it means to be a part of a community or a wider social group. Introduction: I. The government II. What are the roles of a citizen? III. The concept of ubuntu Body I. Ubuntu a. The heart of ubuntu II. The Plan a. Spread ubuntu III. What makes a citizen ââ¬Å"good? â⬠a. Opinions b. Perspectives ConclusionI. Embracing ubuntu II. Holistic and positive outlook III. If this philosophy is spread the result will be a more just, prosperous and equitable America Unlike the Governmentââ¬â¢s role that is clearly stated in the Preamble, the role of a citizen isnââ¬â¢t as clear. Even the bill of rights clearly states the rights of a citizen. It has been amended and made inclusive as to what d efines a citizen. Every citizen has an opinion on what the role is exactly, which makes it easy to be interpreted freely. Itââ¬â¢s tempting to view the concept of citizenship from a Western perspective.This would lead naturally to such ideas as obeying laws, voting, defending oneââ¬â¢s country, and so on. Implicit in this perspective is the sense of an individual, and of ââ¬Å"usâ⬠and ââ¬Å"themâ⬠. For many, these are not satisfactory, and leave a lingering sense of something missing. Perhaps it is the implied ââ¬Å"shouldâ⬠, ââ¬Å"mustâ⬠or ââ¬Å"have toâ⬠that causes a ripple of rebellion in the soul against these ideals. Throughout the years it has become evident that the role of a citizen goes beyond that. Those who are simple minded view their role as such.People who are deep thinkers tend to see other perspectives, many of which embrace a far more holistic and positive outlook on what it means to be a part of a community or a wider social g roup. One of them is the African concept of ubuntu. The word ubuntu comes from the southern African Bantu languages. Roughly translated, it means ââ¬Å"I am what I am because of who we all areâ⬠. Ubuntu is the essence of being human. At the heart of the ubuntu philosophy is the idea that a person cannot be human in isolation. We are all connected, and a part of a greater whole.Therefore, we all benefit and grow when one person grows, and we are all diminished when one person is oppressed, humiliated or diminished in any way. Spreading the concept of ubuntu is the plan. This philosophy is an ideal one but it is more than possible. Increasing the knowledge of it will help citizens of the US become more in tune with their neighbors, more involved with society, and conscious of their actions on a daily bases. Citizens wonââ¬â¢t be ashamed or embarrassed by what they donââ¬â¢t have or havenââ¬â¢t yet achieved and even if they are their fellow citizens wonââ¬â¢t make the m feel any worse than they already do.In fact they would embrace them up and push them to acknowledge the thing that they do have and what they have achieved. So what then are the duties as a citizen within this philosophy? Simply, it is their responsibility to be open, generous of spirit, and affirming. Just as importantly, they never need to feel threatened by someone elseââ¬â¢s success or happiness, because they belong to the greater whole, and so they are benefiting from everyone elseââ¬â¢s happiness. Following rules or obeying laws is a natural consequence of this belief.The shift is from a negative to a positive point of view. So while the results may in many cases be the same, the motivation, sense of belonging and level of happiness can be dramatically different. In conclusion it is obvious that American society might not embrace this philosophy with open arms because of how ââ¬Å"unusualâ⬠it may seem and the fact the society is basically every ââ¬Å"manâ⬠for his self. The philosophy of ubuntu will make so many people uncomfortable because of how open they will have to be with one another.Since it is so different from any philosophy that is embraced by American society it may be hard to get someone to listen, accept, and practice it. America can embrace a far more holistic and positive outlook on what it means to be a part of a community or a wider social group. There is hope for this philosophy yet, Americans must learn to love and trust one another. This philosophy is the key to that lost love and trust. Some already practice it without knowledge. They are natural open, generous of spirit, and affirming.Too bad everyone cannot be like those individuals. Anything is possible and change is the only thing that remains constant, it just takes time. If this philosophy is spread the result will be a more just, prosperous and equitable America. Works Cited Ellis-Christensen, Tricia, and O. Wallace. ââ¬Å"What Does It Mean to Be a US Cit izen? â⬠WiseGeek. Conjecture, 05 Oct. 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. . Flippin, Jr. , Reverend William E. Ubuntu: Applying African Philosophy in Building Community. â⬠The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 05 Feb. 2012. Web. 01 Apr. 2013. . Kelchner, Jen. ââ¬Å"Ubuntu: The Philosophy of Interconnectedness-Change Your Life. Find The True You. â⬠Avid Seed. Avid Seed, 08 Aug. 2012. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. . sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-31629239899763391392020-01-02T11:25:00.001-08:002020-01-02T11:25:04.278-08:00Jewish Funeral Traditions Essay - 835 Words Jewish Funeral Traditions At a Jewish funeral a candle is placed by the deceased and they are never left alone. The reason the body is not left alone is because the soul stays near the body after its separation and is aware of the love and respect for its body. Shomrim, those who stay with the deceased, are assigned to stay and say prayers over the body on a 24-hour basis so that the holy prayers comfort the soul. The body is cleansed, washed thoroughly from head to toe (Taharah). The faces of the deceased are not allowed to face down out of respect for the deceased. The body is then dried, everything is done by the members of the Burial Society and they also dress the deceased in aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The funeral takes place in the cemetery grounds and stresses the merits of the deceased and a trust in Gods justice. In the service it is affirmed that one day god will conquer death, He maketh death to vanish in life external; and the lord God wipeth away tears from off all facesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦ Isiah chapter 25 verse 8. Everyone fulfils the mitzvah of taking the body to the grave and the body is buried in a single grave. The deceased closest relatives help bury the body they shovel a few shovelfuls of mud into the grave each. After the funeral in the hall, as a parting greeting to the mourners, people say May God comfort you among those who mourn for Zion and for Jerusalem. This is also said by anyone who visits the mourners in the week after the funeral. A popular greeting is 2I wish you a long life. When the mourners go back to their house they sit Shiva, they sit on low stools and recite Kaddish for seven days, it is called Shiva because Shiva means seven days. Within the first year after the funeral a stone is put by the grave and every year on the anniversary of the deceased death a candle is lit which is called the Yorzeit candle. B) Explain how belief in afterlife may influence the life of a JewShow MoreRelatedJudaism, Christianity And Islam995 Words à |à 4 Pagescope with the tragedy of losing a loved one. In this paper, I will be comparing the advantages offered by religious traditions for the mourners, focusing on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. In addition, I will be contrasting them with the benefits offered by our modern secular funeral services. To start, Judaismââ¬â¢s priorities are on community and on law. Therefore, Jewish traditions regarding procedures after the death of an individual are very strict and extensive. First, the mourners are identified:Read MoreEssay on Nurses Must be Aware of Religious and Cultural Differences1630 Words à |à 7 Pagestoday. There is a multiplicity of different religious backgrounds and gaining knowledge on their differences and important traditions will allow nurses to provide competent care. In the Jewish faith, death is seen as a natural process, one with many unique traditions that give friends and family the opportunity to spend time with the deceased. When death occurs, and Jewish rituals begin, the body is never left alone, as mourners will focus on showing respect for the dead and consolation for theRead MoreJewish Culture and Jewish Americans1400 Words à |à 6 PagesJewish Culture Paper ââ¬Å"When I was a little girl my family moved to Tallahassee, Florida. We were the only Jewish family in the neighborhood. So as most kids do when they move to a new neighborhood, they tend to try and make new friends. I remember going over to one of my new friendââ¬â¢s house and her mother felt my scalp for hornsâ⬠Julianne Jacques MCC-Penn Valley Counselor. Jewish Americans learn from a young age about the importance of knowing their history. Knowing the history is for the sakeRead MoreThe Funeral And Mourning Rituals Of Judaism1583 Words à |à 7 PagesHow are the customary funeral and mourning rituals of Judaism, Protestant Christianity, Roman Catholicism, and Islam similar and different? Judaism and Islam have similar funeral practices. Both Islam and Judaism appoint the responsibilities of the burial of the deceased within their communities. Both traditions require the dead be buried as promptly as possible. It is for the body to be buried on the same day of th e death. Islam and Judaism forbid embalming and routine autopsies as desecration ofRead MoreCultural Religious Beliefs Essay1307 Words à |à 6 Pagesand powerful peopleâ⬠. The Jewish religion is a monotheistic faith, meaning they only believe in one God. Pelaia (2010) states, ââ¬Å"They also have the belief that Jews are uniquely connected with each other. Regardless of where we live in the world, all Jews are part of a global Jewish communityâ⬠. This projects a feeling that their communities have a unique respect for each other as well as themselves. Aging When reading the literature about Judaism and the Jewish culture, the Torah is mentionedRead MoreSitting Shiva Essays1311 Words à |à 6 Pagesit is common for the mourners to immerse themselves in their particular religious traditions. From Buddhism to Christianity to Hinduism, dealing with death and the existence or nonexistence of an afterlife is a fundamental issue that ties people to their faiths. Often the rituals and traditions surrounding death offer insight into other parts of the religion. Blu Greenberg writes in How to Run a Traditional Jewish Household, No matter what, each one of us will die, and just as there is a wayRead MoreWorshipping One God: Comparsion of Christianity and Judism1842 Words à |à 7 Pagesdifference between the Christian version of this god and the Jewish version of this god is that the Christian version is considered to be three ââ¬Å"persons,â⬠otherwise known as the trinity. The trinity consists of God the Father, the Son, Jesus Chris t, and the Holy Spirit, sometimes referred to as the Holy Ghost. Judaism does not believe in this trinity and instead sees God as one being. A second important similarity is Christianity uses the Jewish holy texts, called the Five Books of Moses or the TorahRead MoreThe Images Of The Jewish People Within1385 Words à |à 6 PagesKayla Walcott Gwendolyn Guth English Quebec Writers October 29th 2014 The images of the Jewish people within are represented through the tainting of their culture through the use of negative stereotypes, but even more so by the descriptive examples of anti-Semitism and religious traditions. One of many mentioned stereotypes, is the perception that all Jews are wealthy one of the times that this is asserted is when it states, ââ¬Å"If you got it right on your bar-mitzvah who knows but the rich uncleRead MoreGrief And Grief By Mark Twain1410 Words à |à 6 Pagescelebration. The Jewish community mourning is carried out according to Jewish law, also known as ââ¬Å"halachaâ⬠. Author Blu Greenberg wrote that, upon hearing about a death, a Jew recites the words, Baruch dayan emet, Blessed be the one true Judge. The body of the deceased is washed thoroughly, the deceased is buried in a simple pine coffin, wearing a simple white shroud (tachrichim). The body is also guarded or watched from the moment of death until after burial. Just before a funeral begins, the immediateRead MoreThe Similarities and Differences of Christianity Versus Judaism2201 Words à |à 9 PagesThe Similarities and Differences of Christianity versus Judaism Christianity and Judaism have many similarities and differences within their religions. Traditions play various roles and integrate through their beliefs, values, cultures, and making political decisions. Christianity and Judaism have changed historically throughout time. Judaism and Christianity rely on the basic standard of obeying God, an adherence to his rules and intentions and their faithful fulfillment. Judaism and Christianity sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-33809509033617451082019-12-25T07:52:00.001-08:002019-12-25T07:52:04.208-08:00Why Do Crimes Occur As Well As What Makes Offenders Commit... There are several theoryââ¬â¢s that have been developed to answer the question of why do crimes occur as well as what makes offenders commit crimes (Lilly, Cullen and Ball, 2011). One of the first theories developed was Classical School theory. Classical theory focuses on the offender as a whole and how he or she wants to commit the crime due to free will (Lilly, Cullen, and Ball, 2011). While reading through an article written in The New York Times, there was a crime that was discussed that has become an important topic in the media. The title of this article is ââ¬Å"Prosecutors to Seek Death Penalty for Dylann Roof in Charleston Shootingsâ⬠, written by; Chris Dixon. The article was interesting considering it showed the classical theory is still in effect in todayââ¬â¢s era. The articleââ¬â¢s topic discussed about an offender named Dylann Roof. Roof walked into a church located in Charleston, South Carolina (Dixon, 2015). Dylann Roof sat in a bible study for an hour before he discharged his weapon, killing nine innocent people that ranged in ages, from 26-87 years old (Dixon, 2015). Roof being the age of 21 when the incident occurred, had time to change his judgment, and walk back out of the church with no violence. Classical theory states that free will is what makes law abiding citizens change to violent offenders, and this is what occurred in the Charleston murder case. There was a time while roof was observing the bible study to change his intent and walk out of that church on thatShow MoreRelatedThe Classical School Of Criminology996 Words à |à 4 Pagescenturies scientists and researchers have been trying to figure out what makes people commit crimes and what they can do to deter them from committing future crimes. In the 1800ââ¬â¢s and th e early 1900ââ¬â¢s crimes and the severity of crimes increased. Punishment in this day and time was considered to be cruel and excessive; to make you feel pain for the crime you committed was the ultimate point (Freilich, 2015). If you committed a crime you could be beaten, hanged, tortured or if you stole something, youRead MoreRational Choice Theory Vs Routine Activity Theory1299 Words à |à 6 Pagesexamine why a person would commit a crime in the first place. In this paper, I will explain that these two theories are as well as compare and contrast the two theories. Routine Activity Theory was developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen. Routine activity theory helps identify criminal activity and behavior through explanation in crime rate. (Cohen Felson,1979). Cohen and Felson said that the number of possible offenders or offender motivation does not actually affect the crime rate. RoutineRead MoreTheories and Burglary1584 Words à |à 7 Pages1970ââ¬â¢s meant to explain crime and victimization. The routine activities theory is based off of the assumption made in previous theories such as deterrence and rational choice theory, which offenders rationally think out criminal behaviors before they engage in them. This assumption includes the theory that offenders calculate risks and consequences before committing a crime. The routine activities theory suggests that there are three elements that contribute to whether a crime will be committed or notRead MoreRoutine Activities Theory : The Classical School Of Criminological Theory1354 Words à |à 6 PagesRoutine activities theory or RAT was originally proposed by the classical school of criminological theory. Classical school theorists believe that humans are rational individuals who make decisions based on their own free will. In short, humans oftentimes make decisions after taking into consideration the risk versus reward associated with the behavior. Essentially, routine activities theory draws from Amos Hawleyââ¬â¢s (1950) theory of human ecology. This theory explores the terrestrial aspects of humanRead MoreCorrections and the Criminal Justice System1166 Words à |à 5 Pagesdescribes the punishment of offenders for the crimes they have committed. Corrections does not always mean punishment; in the United States they expect their inmates to read the bible to reflect on their wrongdoings. In the criminal justice system there are three major components: police, courts, and corrections. The police investigate crimes and arrest suspects handing over the evidenc e and investigative information to the court system. Prosecutors determine whether a crime has been committed and ifRead MoreRunning Head:. Response Paper 1 Response Paper 3. Advanced1277 Words à |à 6 PagesArizona State University Response Paper Crime in the 20th century has become one of the most widely studied areas of research. Today, I am going to briefly outline some of the theories of crime that are used to study the subject. What I will be evaluating these theories against will be small scale property crime such as theft. Classical theory states that crime is committed when there are more benefits to committing the crime than punishments. It also states that crime is a choice and is done with freeRead MoreThe Theory Of Crime And Crime1260 Words à |à 6 PagesResponse Paper Crime in the 20th century has become one of the most widely studied areas of research. Today, I am going too briefly outline some of the theories of crime that are used to study the subject. What I will be evaluating these theories against will be small scale property crime such as theft. Classical theory states that crime is committed when there are more benefits to committing the crime than punishments. It also states that crime is a choice and is done with free will (BeccariaRead MoreYouth Criminal Justice Act Essay1257 Words à |à 6 Pagesmajority of juveniles are involved in impulsive or risky, even delinquent behaviors during their teenage years. However, the majority go on to become very productive citizens who do not commit crimes. In order for this to continue the government established the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) which gives young offenders a chance to better themselves, and. By doing so, the YCJA helps teach youth that their actions are unacceptable and the punishments imposed are lesser then an adult. Through theRead MoreWhy People Commit Crime? Essay1621 Words à |à 7 Pages The term criminal desistance refers to when offenders desist, or stop, committing crime. Desistance from crime exists when an individual has an absence of criminal be havior in their lives for a sustained period of time. By studying desistance, there is a better understanding of what causes individuals to commit crime; as well as, a better understanding as to why certain individuals discontinue their lives of crime. The criminal justice field often encompasses, serving justice by locking peopleRead MoreThe Deterrence Theory By Thomas Hobbes1347 Words à |à 6 PagesDeterrence Theory then came into play when it was time for a person to take up for their actions that person has caused and, being able to pay the price at hand for what they have done without being able to put the blame on another person or get away with it without being sure that you would also get the proper punishment. The reason why this theory has more than one theorist is due to ââ¬Å" once one looks in detail at cases of international conflict, it becomes apparent that the participants almost never sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-81363253964875471262019-12-17T03:42:00.001-08:002019-12-17T03:42:03.226-08:00Training for Parents of Children with Disabilities Parents play a significant role in the lives of all children but more specifically, of those children with disabilities. The participation of the parents and the degree of acceptance of the presence of a disability, determines most of the outcomes when the child is ready for an independent life. The law requires that school districts offer support to parents of children with disabilities. By offering In Home Training, school districtsââ¬â¢ staff provides specific skill training to parents in need of other alternatives to manage and cope with the effects of their childââ¬â¢s disability. However, training is not the solution for this, as active parental involvement is. Parents that take a stand accept their reality and are ready to do something about it, are more likely to be successful by learning strategies that will help the child generalize behaviors that are more socially appropriate. Parental involvement is the most important part of the equation. Legislation is clear to mandate the involvement of school and home as a partnership that will benefit not only the child, but everyone involved in the household and school. Dettmer, Thurston, Knackendoffel and Dyck (2009) cite the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 as one of the legal pieces that ââ¬Å"prescribe several rights for families of children with disabilities.â⬠Many other legal pieces address parental participation in the decision making process and all services provided to children. According to No ChildShow MoreRelatedEducating Children With A Disability1234 Words à |à 5 Pages Children come to this world without the parents knowing what the child may be born with but as a family we give love and care for all of our children. ââ¬Å"Special disability ââ¬Å"shouldnââ¬â¢t be a category to children who were born with a disability they were born into this w orld they are no different from you and I. Some parents believe that when their children graduate high school life is over for their amazing children .These parents are blocking or either ignorant to look for opportunitiesRead MoreSpecial Needs Children Essay1317 Words à |à 6 Pages2017Benefits of parental training for guardians or care providers expecting a special needs child.When having a child most people become overwhelmed with happiness and joy, but with that come the stress of raising that child. Preparation is an important process whether you are biologically giving birth or adopting. With all the stress that comes along with having a child without a disability, what happen a special needs child is born. Depending on the type of disability said person has and whereRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Needs Student849 Words à |à 4 Pagesdealing with children who have special needs. This teacher was trained to understand the method used when working with a child who wil l unintentionally cause harm to themselves or others. A parent needs to understand that unconventional methods must be used with children who learn unconventionally. This research will show readers that each student needs their own educational methods, which work around any special needs they may have. Schools have developed parent training that will help parents understandRead MoreEffective Methods For Accommodating Students With Disabilities Essay1479 Words à |à 6 PagesResearch Question: What are effective methods for accommodating studentsââ¬â¢ with disabilities in inclusive settings in elementary schools? Preface The right to equal education should be in reach of all studentsââ¬â¢ regardless of their educational needs and backgrounds. The barriers that studentsââ¬â¢ with disabilities face are evident in todayââ¬â¢s public school education. We as educators sometimes ignore the capabilities of some of our disabled studentsââ¬â¢ and impede them from achieving their fullest potentialRead MoreEducating Students With Children With Disabilities969 Words à |à 4 Pagesregular classroom teachers being expected to work with children with disabilities such as dyslexia, physically challenged, hyperactive or emotionally troubled. Another definition of mainstreaming is placing special-needs children in the ââ¬Å"least restrictive environmentâ⬠. The idea of mainstreaming is to help the students with disabilities feel more connected to other students, but in reality it can challenge the teachers that does not have the training and support to help benefit the students needs (SacksRead More Inclusion Has Been A Major Topic Between Educators And1576 Words à |à 7 PagesInclusion has been a major topic between educators and parents of special needs children for years. Many believe that it would a good idea to educate general education children in the same classroom along with special needs children, including those with multiple disabilities. And then there are many that believe special education and general education can actually can be accomplished in one classroom along with one general education teacher and one special education teacher working together , teachingRead MoreThe Role Of Special Education For Children With Special Needs1289 Words à |à 6 Pagesand interests is essential in teaching those with disabilities. It is true that disabilities intersect with learning. For example, a disability may interfere with family or peer relationships and school performance if a student displays troublesome behaviors. Children with disabilities may sometimes be seen as ââ¬Å"differentâ⬠by other children. This may lead to being excluded from peer relationships and experiences of social isolation. However, children with special needs may experience good mental healthRead MoreThe Medical Model : Where Disability Is Viewed As An Impairment952 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe medical model, where disability is viewed as an impairment to be cured or prevented. This view may significantly inform the kind of service and treatment doctors provide or recommend for these individuals. In fact, researchers and doctors themselves have voiced concerns that medical practitioners do not undergo sufficient training to address disability and sexuality (Barbuto Napolitano, 2014; Gilmore Malcolm, 2014). Doctors need to be well informed about the issues in this area and supportiveRead MoreAnnotated Table Of Contents : Forward And Preamble1331 Words à |à 6 Pagespolicies to which the local educational agencies and schools located in the State are subject under the federal statute and regulations. Also under federal regulations and policies is the IDEA ââ¬Ë04, which is a school system that helps enable children with disabilities. These regulations became effective by the Board of Education on July 7, 2009 and were reissued January 25, 2010. The regulations include: federal regulations, state statue, and state regulations. There are copies of these regulationsRead MoreThe Target Student With Ebd And Ld889 Words à |à 4 Pagessupporting students with disabilities to be independent learners and be prepared for life outside the school. ââ¬Æ' Results This interview of four teachers and parents showed surprisingly positive feedback about inclusion. Both parents of children with disabilities and non-disabilities had positive attitudes toward inclusion. Parents with non-disabled children said that their children became more educated about other disabilities, more empathetic toward students with disabilities, and also improved sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-60997145416793383322019-12-09T00:25:00.001-08:002019-12-09T00:25:03.142-08:00Importance Of Valid Consent In Healthcare â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Importance Of Valid Consent In Healthcare. Answer: In healthcare, valid consent is an essential component where the healthcare provider discloses information to a patient who is competent enough to make voluntary choice in accepting or refusing treatment. It is the legal and ethical rights of a patient to know and direct what happens to their body However, there are various forms of barrier that is witnessed in getting a valid consent from the patient. In the given case study, Lalah Khalili, a 14-year-old girl is suspected with post-traumatic stress disorder and to give her a mild sedative, conduct and ECG and take a blood test, a valid informed consent is required. However, she is a minor and lack judgment power to make able decisions for her. In such cases, her parents have to provide a valid consent, but they have limited English ability. Therefore, the following essay deals with the discussion of importance of valid consent, barriers for the valid consent and solutions for getting the valid consent. A person who has the capacity to make effective decisions about a specific issue gives valid consent and free from any influence or manipulation that might alter the decisions made as stated by Queensland Health, Australia (Queensland Health, 2013). When a transparent decision is made between the patient and healthcare professional, it offers balance and sensitivity to the situation. Information must be given to the patient or any reasonable person who can make reasonable valid consent in the patients position. Impaired informed consent leads to 11.5% of conciliated complaints and 3.4% of medical negligence in the valid consent process (Grady, 2015). Moreover, a person who is minor (below 18 years of age) is considered minor and requires parents or a legal guardian to provide valid consent on behalf of the childs treatment. However, under the Australian Law, teenagers are recognized as competent to provide informed consent for themselves, as they get older. Parents and their minor ch ildren hold concurrent rights in providing consent for treatment for minor patients below the age of 18 years. There is various type of consent like implied, verbal and written form. In the given case study, although Lalah Khalili has the ability to make decisions for herself, it should be taken under the vigilance of her parents. In healthcare, nurses have the responsibility to work within the law that shape their nursing practice. Under Registered Nurse Standards for Practice in Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), valid consent is an ethical and legal obligation. Failure to obtain a valid consent is considered a criminal offence and tort of law (Cashin et al., 2017). They have the obligation to work under ethical frameworks when they make efficient decisions during assessment, planning, action and evaluation. In the given case study, before the administration of mild sedative, conduction of ECG and blood test, a valid informed consent is important to obtain. However, there are barriers witnessed in this situation that will be discussed in the next section. A nurse should take care of the fact that the patient is providing her consent to the treatment procedures voluntarily and without any coercion feelings. She should be able to understand the intervention elements and make a necessary choice for receiving the intervention. However, one major issue that occurs in obtaining valid consent of minors in health intervention is the disruption of balance between the vulnerability and immaturity of the minor and the right to get emancipated from parents decisions. The physicians and nurses are not supposed to assume that a patient lacks the capacity of providing consent based on her behavior, age, appearance, disability, beliefs, literacy or socioeconomic status, or mental health condition (such as post traumatic stress disorder). Age influences, language barriers and mental stigma can hinder effective communication between the nurse and the patient while obtaining consent. The nurses should take care of the fact that valid consent will have t o be provided to the patient, Lalah Khalili in a language that she and her parents can comprehend and understand. It is known that she and her brother are good English speakers. If the consent is provided to her in English language, the quality of interpretation of the consent will be correct. However, if there is the use of a language not known to her, it can lead to misunderstandings and incorrect responses. Furthermore, her parents should also be involved in the process of providing consent owing to her young age. If her parents are non-English speaking, poor translations from the staff can lead to dangerous misinterpretations and misdiagnosis (Lee et al., 2017). This will lead to decline in patient care quality and satisfaction. Another barrier is the age of the patient. Australian laws related to medical treatment recognize that patients aged 18 years or more have the legal capacity to make decisions related to self healthcare (Bismark et al., 2012). Prior to 18 years of age, t he legal guardian or parents are entitled to provide consent to the medical treatment of their child. Minors are generally not allowed to give consent to own treatment, except when they are in the military or married. However, the law states that teenagers become competent with development and are at times capable to get involved in the process of obtaining the consent (Law Reform Commission, 2008). Depending on the age and competency, minors can be approached for participation in giving valid consent. The nurses and physicians would have to judge the each patient based on their individual capacity. Moreover, the nurses will also have to evaluate whether the patient demonstrates sufficient knowledge of her health condition and a sound understanding of the necessary medical interventions that include the adverse effects that can occurs and the impending dangers that can arise if she withdraws from the treatment. Another barrier that can arise while obtaining consent is the patients medical condition (Spatz, E. S., Krumholz, H. M., Moulton, B. W. 2016). She has been admitted after an episode of post traumatic stress disorder. This condition can arise as a result of some traumatic experience and is a form of anxiety disorder. Often patients suffering from PTSD witness some events that create an impact on their mental health. The concerned patient and her parents may not allow cons ent to therapeutic interventions due to fear of stigmatization from the mental condition, embarrassment issues and fear of less availability of specialist therapies. The altered mental state of the patient may make her incompetent to judge the process of intended medical treatment. This will create a hindrance in giving consent for interventions. Nursingprofession recognizes human rights universally and regards safeguarding patient dignity as a moral responsibility. According to the code of ethics for Australian nurses, they should value informed consent and decision making while catering to the needs of their patients. They should value the moral and legal right of all patients to participate in decision-making events related to their healthcare concerns (Nursing Council, 2008). This involves avoiding any cultural stereotype based assumptions. They should use relevant illustrations and written information to depict the patients current physical condition and the possible route of therapeutic intervention. They should arrange for a qualified health interpreter to overcome language barriers prior to consultation (Douglas et al., 2012). A registered nurse who has undergone extensive training is eligible to take delegated consent. Nurses should also respect and recognize their patients wishes once the latter is fully informed a nd has the capability of take decisions. However, if the patient declines giving consent to any life-saving treatment methods, the nurse should immediately consult substitute decision makers and seek second opinion from medical practitioners. When the patients are unable to provide consent owing to young age, disabilities or legal constraints, the nurses should recognize and efficiently utilize the contribution made by parents or legal guardians for providing effective treatment facilities. Nurses should be knowledgeable about these circumstances and should facilitate the role of partners, family members and friends in decision-making processes. Patients with limited literacy on health issues should be described the plan for medical treatment to fill in the gaps in their analysis of the current situation. The reason for ambivalence shown by the patient should be ascertained (Simonds, Garroutte Buchwald, 2017). They should be given time to reflect on the suggestions provided and to reconsider their health status. The social and cultural history of the patient should also be considered in case it poses a hindrance in giving consent. Any form of stigmatizing attitudes associated with mental health status should be removed ( WA Health, 2016). This can be done by creating awareness among the patient and the family members regarding the underlying causes of mental disturbances and the effective treatment procedures that can be adopted to reduce the symptoms. It is the legal and ethical obligation of a nurse to inform patients about the risks associated with noncompliance. They should also reassure their patients that the medical team will provide the best facilities to help the patient. Regardless of whether consent is obtained or not, nurses should document all details relevant to the proposed treatment (Hoeyer Hogle, 2014). Well documented consent will verify that the nurse and physicians have met their obligations in providing necessary information to the concerned patient about possible treatment options. From the above discussion, it can be witnessed that obtaining a valid consent is important in the healthcare and nursing practice. Healthcare professionals have to work in accordance with the law and ethics to provide the best quality of care and ensure patient safety. In the case study of Lalah Khalili, various barriers were observed while obtaining an informed consent like language, age and lack of health literacy. As she is a minor, her parents must be involved in obtaining the informed consent before the diagnosis and treatment process. Moreover, her parents have limited English ability and in such cases qualified medical interpreter is required who would provide accurate information to Lalah and her family that aid in taking able decisions for her PTSD treatment. References Bismark, M. M., Gogos, A. J., McCombe, D., Clark, R. B., Gruen, R. L., Studdert, D. M. (2012). Legal disputes over informed consent for cosmetic procedures: a descriptive study of negligence claims and complaints in Australia.Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery,65(11), 1506-1512. Cashin, A., Heartfield, M., Bryce, J., Devey, L., Buckley, T., Cox, D., ... Fisher, M. (2017). Standards for practice for registered nurses in Australia. Collegian, 24(3), 255-266. Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G., Crisp, J., Taylor, C. (2012).Potter Perry's fundamentals of nursing-Australian version. Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Grady, C. (2015). Enduring and emerging challenges of informed consent. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(9), 855-862. Hoeyer, K., Hogle, L. F. (2014). Informed consent: The politics of intent and practice in medical research ethics.Annual Review of Anthropology,43, 347-362. Law Reform Commission. (2008).Young People and Consent to Health Care. Law Reform Commission: Sydney.Retrieved from: https://www.lawreform.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/Reports/Report-119.pdf Lee, J. S., Prez-Stable, E. J., Gregorich, S. E., Crawford, M. H., Green, A., Livaudais-Toman, J., Karliner, L. S. (2017). Increased access to professional interpreters in the hospital improves informed consent for patients with limited English proficiency.Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1-8. Nursing, A., Council, M. (2008).Codes of Professional Conduct Ethics for Nurses Midwives in Australia 2008. Nurses Board of South Australia. Queensland Health. (2013).Delegated consent position statement. Retrieved from: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/156082/delegated_consent_pos_sta.pdf Simonds, V. W., Garroutte, E. M., Buchwald, D. (2017). Health Literacy and Informed Consent Materials: Designed for Documentation, Not Comprehension of Health Research.Journal of Health Communication, 1-10. Spatz, E. S., Krumholz, H. M., Moulton, B. W. (2016). Informed Consent and the Reasonable-Patient StandardReply.Jama,316(9), 993-994. WA Health. (2016). Consent to Treatment Policy. Retrieved from: https://www.health.wa.gov.au/circularsnew/attachments/1135.pdf sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-7163876561349468862019-12-01T12:06:00.001-08:002019-12-01T12:06:03.341-08:00The Devil in the Details free essay sample Recently weââ¬â¢ve been looking at 2 videos talking about carbon. One says carbon is good for us and that without it we would die and the other one says that carbon has to be reduced in a serious way. In the carbon footprints video she says that we are stupid because we think we have to start changing the way we think saying that carbon is the worst that couldââ¬â¢ve happened in our world. She explains that years ago we had more carbon than now, well she is telling a true fact that is that we had more carbon, because now we donââ¬â¢t burn so much things as we did years ago, an luckily we have change also our point of view and started to recognize that carbon isnââ¬â¢t good for us. She says weââ¬â¢ve made a nonsense act, weââ¬â¢ve made carbon disappear. In the other video of Cap and Trade it explains the contrary idea from the carbon footprints video. We will write a custom essay sample on The Devil in the Details or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It says that in America carbon is over loading. Things have gone further than itââ¬â¢s supposed to be, because they have been using a lot of carbon in everything and it should be controlled. So they created a plan, a way to reduce this waste, by also making profit from it. Cap and Trade makes a bit more sense, well I only agree with the Cap part that means reducing carbon by a certain percent, but the Trade part is the part which I donââ¬â¢t agree much with, it explains that when they reduce the carbon they give some permits a year of the amount of pollutance that each one should make, each year it would be reduce, some companies create another way of building clean alternatives to maintain their work constant and give their permits to other companies that really need them so here they start gaining money, but the carbon pollutance isnââ¬â¢t changing. So itââ¬â¢s not as effective as it seems. In conclusion we should always be in the middle, not expanding our carbon waste, but never stop producing it. sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-38139311409352311452019-11-26T16:16:00.001-08:002019-11-26T16:16:04.914-08:005 Awesome Things You Can Do Right Now with Blurb.com5 Awesome Things You Can Do Right Now with Blurb.com Blurb is a self-publishing and marketing platform that allows for amateurs and professionals alike to publish professional quality printed magazines, books, and eBooks. The site was founded by Eileen Gittins in 2005 as a way for individuals to affordably and simply publish books of their own design. She personally desired for a way to publish her own photography in a professionally bound book.Over the next decade the company expanded to provide a variety of services and tools for artists and writers to publish their works. In 2008 the site won a Webby Award for Best Services website and then in 2010 was ranked #47 in the Inc. 500 list of fastest-growing U.S. companies. It also earned the honor of ranking #1 in the media category and among the top five fastest-growing companies led by women. In 2018 Rix Kramlich was appointed Chief Executive Officer bringing his experience from his roles in Macromedia, i2 Technologies, and ABB.The site allows for users to design and create their own p hoto books, trade books, magazines, or eBooks. The user can design their own material or use Blurbs book publishing software, Bookwright. The software allows for the user to design their own product and easily submit a document that Blurb can then publish and prepare for sale.The site also provides information and tools for the user to sell their creations either through Blurbs website or through online distributors, such as Amazon, Ingram, and Apple iBooks store. Blurb promotes itself as a one-stop-shop that aids the user in every step of the way from creating the product to printing and selling. The user only needs to bring their ideas and creativity.The site also provides a series of articles that can inform the reader on a variety of subjects. The blog section is organized under three main topics: book-making, selling, and inspiration. It is tempting to go step by step through all of the awe-inspiring ideas included in the site, but rather than ruining your own exploration throu gh all of the information, I will highlight five awesome things you can do on Blurb.Blurb provides information and tools for the user to sell their creations either through Blurbs website or through online distributors, such as Amazon and Ingram.1. Be a better writerWriters block can get the best of any of us. Blurbs blog has several suggestions that can help you jump start your writing process. In the sites writing section, none of the articles are very long, but each of them provides suggestions to help you find a topic and get writing. You can also explore reviews of different apps that can help you focus and organize your work.Under the inspiration section, you can find articles on how different artists and writers created their projects and learn about what inspired them, such as the interview with childrens book author Megan Roy. She talks about her inspirations and what led her to make her own book on Blurb.Another article I really enjoy is Five great ways to combat writers b lock. The author outlines simple ways to get writing. One, just start writing. I like this advice. I use it with my students all the time. Sit down and write. It does not need to be good. It does not need to make sense. Just get words on paper. Two, pretend youre writing for yourself. This one is strange but works. Ignore any specific audience. Just write to you. You can always edit later to match a specific audience. Three, make sure it isnt something else. This one takes some self-reflection, but make sure there is not something else going on in your life that is keeping you from writing. Four, give yourself some space. Dont put too much pressure on yourself. Sometimes sitting and thinking or meditating is a critical part of the writing process. Take a walk or bake cookies. Just be careful you are not using those activities to procrastinate. There is a fine line between taking a mental break and just wasting time. Five, break it into smaller tasks. Focus on one task at a time.I wr ote my dissertation 500 words at a time. Every day I wrote 500 words, and then changed tasks- either edited another section or analyzed some data or even read a book. I felt comfortable writing 500 words. Again, it did not need to be the most perfect 500 words- just 500 words I actually wrote that day. I finished a 300+ page dissertation over time. Dont worry about the whole project at once. Break it down.2. Learn to take a better photoBlurb began as a way for Eileen Gittins to publish her own photography. Throughout the site are lots of tips and advice on how to better your own skills in photography. The topics range from social media photos to taking photos worthy of an art studio. The advice is written in a manner that someone with no or limited knowledge could understand and begin the process of making photography a serious hobby or possibly a career. I particularly enjoyed the essays on the history of photography, which takes the reader on a journey from the invention of film t o Instagram. This section of the site has the most information, which is not surprising considering Blurbs beginnings.3. Promote yourselfOne of the other more developed areas of the site is the section on Promoting and Marketing. The authors help the reader understand the many different ways to promote your own work through self-publishing. The articles range from using Amazon and eBooks to effectively promoting yourself online. I particularly liked the suggestions for using writing communities to help you write and promote yourself as you begin to create your work. By having someone help you be accountable for your writing, people tend to write more and more effectively. I used writing communities all the time during my graduate school years. I am even planning one for this summer to work on another project. By creating a community around yourself, you build a network which builds your own confidence. Your community can help you create more and promote your completed projects.4. Fi nd inspirationThe site as a whole is built to help you find inspiration in your own creativity. There are articles on finding ideas if you need help getting an idea going. There are many interviews and profiles of writers and artists throughout the site that discuss their artistic journey. The scope of the topics covered will allow almost anyone to find something that interests them. Plus, you might find a tip that helps you begin your own passion project. I particularly enjoyed the article From Idea to Book. The author maps out the process from idea to published work. Again, the reader needs to provide the creativity and imagination, but the process is outlined quite clearly.Blurb.com is built to help you find inspiration in your own creativity.5. Get publishedThis one is probably the most obvious. The main goal of the site is to provide a place for creators to self-publish their own projects. As mentioned, the site breaks down each step- design, printing, and selling- or their cu stomers. Blurb makes the process seem easy and simple. If your goal is to publish, Blurb provides a number of guides and tips to making that happen. They provide information on choosing between printing on demand or making a large order. Throughout the whole blog there are a number of suggestions and advice on all aspects of publishing your work, whether it is the next great novel or a photobook for grandma.Final takeawaysAs a writer, I appreciate the efforts that Blurb has taken to provide a space where creators can publish, promote, and sell their work. Blurb provides worthwhile information and services that many people will want to use. The traditional publishing industry is brutal and not the best place for every person to go to when looking to distribute their own work. Blurb meets a need in our 21st century world where people, through social media and other platforms, are self-promoting themselves in ways never before thought of. To quote the site, Blurb is a self-publishing a nd marketing platform that unleashes the creative genius inside everyone. The site almost makes it seem too simple, but what it allows people to do is celebrate the hard work they have put into their creations.I suggest browsing the site and find some inspiration. But the next step must be for you to go out and create. Write, take a picture, paint, draw, dance, act, or do whatever moves you. Blurb is there to help you document and potentially sell your work, but you need to go and create. Find a place to work. I love coffee shops. I like the simple parade of people as they order their coffee or tea and move about their day. I also like quiet old libraries. The smell of books keeps me calm. But no matter where you create, the key is that you do it. sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-61610139692407833772019-11-22T23:50:00.001-08:002019-11-22T23:50:05.212-08:00English CourseworkEnglish Coursework English Coursework English Coursework Writing literature coursework or any other English coursework in any fashion that occurs to a writer may later make him do time-consuming revisions. Before doing any coursework writing, therefore, you should carefully study not only the coursework format but also the style manual recommended by your professor, college or institution. If a coursework writer is specifically granted the right to select a style, he can find several manuals available to serve as guides. After adopting a style, he must adhere to it throughout the college coursework writing, for switching from one acceptable style to another is not permissible. Mastering the methods of academic coursework research is important, for an outstanding scientific investigation is of little value if the findings are not effectively communicated to others. Accomplishing this feat is somewhat different from writing a nontechnical composition. A coursework writer does not try to entertain, amuse, or persuade the reader, nor does he merely discuss his opinions concerning a problem or suggest solutions and argue on the basis of general observations. Rather, college coursework writer presents a hypothesis, explains the procedures employed to test it, cites the factual data collected, and announces whether they confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis. A clear, objective, logical presentation and analysis of the evidence rather than an emotionalized argument or diverting descriptions are required in academic coursework writing: Since an academic coursework is not ordinarily read by laymen but by well-informed individuals with more than a passing interest in the topic, it is critically and systematically scrutinized. Coursework reviewers will be skeptical of any assertions unless demonstrated evidence is presented; they may challenge the writer's reasoning processes, the interpretation placed upon the data, the accuracy of the footnotes, or they may even repeat the experiment to check the results. Hence, a research coursework must be able to stand the test of critical tutor supplied by other academic coursework writing. Custom Coursework If you need coursework help, you have an opportunity to request assistance at our site. We have 24/7 support to answer any question you have about our writers and services. We are working hard to meet the requirements of all clients asking of English coursework writing help. Even if you have already started working on your English coursework but do not know how to finish it, contact us and we will help you. All papers are delivered prior to deadline to allow sufficient time for revision. is a professional and absolutely legal site. Read also: Free Research Papers APA Style Research Paper Writing a Reaction Paper Valentine's Day Essay Sociology Paper sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-70308451978459459512019-11-21T03:43:00.001-08:002019-11-21T03:43:16.612-08:00Personality Tests Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsPersonality Tests - Assignment Example feel the same every time I am in the company of others, but it is true to a large extent and that is the reason my score is above average for this particular trait. I am an energetic individual and have high ambitions that I share with others. The score for my test for this particular factor is also above average which shows that I like to interact with people and share my thoughts and feelings. I think the result is quite right because it truly reflects my cooperative and friendly nature. I like to help others out in every situation I can and want to bring happiness on their faces as much as I can. Along with this, I also want to keep my image extremely good in the minds of others. The score for my test fort this particular factor is below average which shows that I do not focus on the ways to achieve my goals. I was really surprised to get this score for this factor as I am an ambitious and energetic individual who always tries to achieve things using the best approach. However, I do show some carelessness at times because of which I feel it hard to achieve all of my goals. This may be the reason why my score came low on this test. The score for my test fort this particular factor is above average which shows that I get stressed because of my emotions and feelings. I set high expectations got different things and when I do not get the response that I expect, I easily get stressed as a result. I am much prone to the feelings of stress and anxiety because I experience negative thoughts at times. I think my score is high on this factor also because I think on the negative perspectives more than the positive ones. The score for my test fort this particular factor is average which shows that I am half interested in arts and culture and related activities. I think this is true because I have not ever taken much interest in cultural activities. I am interested more in doings things practically instead of looking things in artworks and going in the world of sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-89851174793389282052019-11-19T14:18:00.001-08:002019-11-19T14:18:03.095-08:00Ocean biology 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsOcean biology 1 - Essay Example The aim of his theory was to discuss the concept openly. Therefore, Wegener did not present the theory as a proven fact. There are some objects, which can float in saltwater but not in fresh water. Whether an object will sink or float, entirely depends on the relative density of the fluid itself. In universe, everything is made of molecules. Density can be described through the concept of molecules. There are some objects that are packed densely and some other objects are packed loosely. This concept is called density. Now the objects that are made of tightly packed molecules will sink in low density liquid. The opposite will happen for the objects, which are made up of loosely packed molecules. I have done an experiment in my home with an egg. I have observed that egg placed in the fresh water sink immediately but it floated in saltwater. I have done another experiment with metallic spoon. In this experiment, also spoon floated in the salt water but sank in tap water. The next experiment was on metallic pen. The result of this experiment also gave the same result. Metallic pen floated in salt water but sink in the fresh water. Throughout the world, water and wind, usually erode about 20 billion tones of rock debris and dirt from the continents and deposit into the seafloor. In average, there is 1300 feet of sediment in beneath the sea. Many processes accelerate this continuous adding of salt and other chemicals into the seas and oceans. Most common chemicals are sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) which are dissolved in the water easily. These chemicals are the basic constituents of salt that is sodium chloride. According to research, ocean restrains around 1370 million cubic kilometers of water and around 14700 trillion tons of sodium. Every year around 457 million tones of sodium dump into the ocean through river transportation, land surface erosion etc. Sometimes in some specific area Volcanic dust also dumps some amount of sodium into the water. Erosion of sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-48622932228722761782019-11-17T02:49:00.001-08:002019-11-17T02:49:07.199-08:00Operations in hilti company Essay Example for Free Operations in hilti company Essay You are the manager of a firm selling product X in a competitive market. You consider writing a market report on X. Due to some economic changes, there is significant increase in the wages of workers. Please write a report about the expected effects on the market equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of product X. the following points help you organize your report: 1. Indicate the effect of this event on supply and / or on demand. 2. Analyse what will happen to market equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in the short run. 3. If wages are expected to continue at higher levels, analyse what will happen to market equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in the long run. The competitive market is one of the type of economic market structure. In a competitive market the price is determined through the forces of demand and supply. The following essay the effects of increase on wages on product price, quantity traded, and the supply and demand. The demand is the want or need of the person with the willingness to purchase the good at a particular price. The demand is negatively correlated to price. As the price increases the quantity demanded decreases. The supply is the desire and willingness of the supplier to sell the product at a particular price. The downward sloping curve represents demand. Supply is positively correlated to price. As the price increases the quantity supplied increases. Hence, the positive sloping curve represents supply. In the competitive market the point where demand and supply meets is the equilibrium point, which shows the equilibrium price and quantity traded. This is illustrated in the following graph. The increase in wages, increases the costs of the product. This then will decrease the supply bringing a shift in the supply curve. The shift of the supply curve occurs when any factor except price changes bringing an effect on supply. The increase in cost of production will reduce the supply at level of the price because now it has become more costly to produce the supply. The supply curve will shift towards left. The following diagram shows that the supply curve S1 has shifted to S2. This has increased the market equilibrium price in the short run from P1 to P2. The quantity traded has decreased from Q1 to Q2. Long? Run market supply curve. The short? run market supply curve is just the horizontal summation of all the individual firms supply curves. The long? run market supply curve is found by examining the responsiveness of short? run market supply to a change in market demand. As the wages will increase, in the long run the price will reduce and the quantity traded will increase because there will be more entrants into the market and the competition will reduce the price of the product. However, the profit levels will also decreases due to the increase in the wages. Question 2 Youââ¬â¢ve been hired by a firm to determine whether it should shut down its operation. The firm currently uses 70 workers to produce 300 units of output per day. The daily wage (per worker) is $40, and the price of the firmââ¬â¢s output is $20. The cost of other variable inputs is $500 per day. The firms fixed cost is $3000 per day. You know that the marginal cost of the last unit is $30. 1. Calculate the firmââ¬â¢s daily losses 2. Should the firm continue to operate at a loss? Carefully explain your answer. Total daily losses are the following: Description Cost / Revenue Total cost Total daily sales 300 x 20 6000 Daily total wages 70 x 40 2800 Variable inputs 500 Fixed costs 3000 Total Cost 6300 Daily losses 300 According to the profit maximization theory, each unit sold, marginal profit (M? ) equals marginal revenue (MR) minus marginal cost (MC). Then, if marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost at some level of output, marginal profit is positive and thus a greater quantity should be produced, and if marginal revenue is less than marginal cost, marginal profit is negative and a lesser quantity should be produced. At the output level at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost, marginal profit is zero and this quantity is the one that maximizes profit. In this case, the marginal profit is negative as according in competitive market marginal revenue is equal to price hence, it is $20 and marginal cost being $30, this equals to -$10. The company should not operate at a loss. Question 3 Given the data of the last question (2), the owner of the firm suggested that losses can be reduced by firing some workers. If you found that the marginal product of the 70th worker was 4units of output per day, do you agree with the owner to reduce employment in order to reduce losses? Please explain carefully. The marginal product of labour is the change in the output compared to the change in the number of labour. Hence, the 70th labour is producing 4 units per day according to the data given in the question. The marginal product of labour is 4. In order to determine the demand of labour, the value of marginal product will be calculated. The value of marginal product should equal to price of the product which is the marginal revenue (MR) with the marginal product of labour (MRP). As long as a workerââ¬â¢s value of marginal product exceeds the wage, the worker is hired. But because the marginal product is diminishing, eventually so many workers will have been hired that the value of the marginal product of an additional worker would be less than the wage. At this point the hiring will stop. A firm hires labour up to the point at which the value of marginal product equals the wage rate. If the value of marginal product of labour exceeds the wage rate, a firm can increase its profit by employing more workers. This can be summed in the following way: Where TR = total revenue; Q = quantity MR x MPL = (? TR/? Q) x (? Q/? L) = ? TR/? L Hence, in this case the value of marginal product is: MR X MPL = 20 x 4 = 80 Wage rate = ? TR/? L = 40 The company should continue to hire more labour as the marginal product will diminish which will eventually bring the marginal revenue product of labour down until the wage rate is equal to the marginal revenue product of labour. sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4064377987469168784.post-21807207895772681612019-11-14T15:21:00.001-08:002019-11-14T15:21:04.897-08:00gatmoral Moral and Emotional Range of The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays The Moral and Emotional Range of The Great Gatsby à Throughout Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, there is a broad spectrum of moral and social views demonstrated by various characters.à At one end, is Tom, a man who attacks Gatsby's sense of propriety and legitimacy, while thinking nothing of running roughshod over the lives of those around him. A direct opposite of Tom's nature is Gatsby, who displays great generosity and caring, yet will stop at nothing to achieve his dream of running off with Daisy. The moral and emotional characteristics of Gastby and Tom are juxtaposed, Tom, the immoral character and Gastby, the moral character while the other characters' moral and emotional developments appear between these two. à à à à At first glance, The Great Gatsby is merely a classic American tragedy, portraying the story of a man's obsession with a fantasy, and his resulting downfall. However, Fitzgerald seems to weave much more than that into the intricate web of emotional interactions he creates for the reader. One interesting element is the concepts of greatness each has. For Daisy, it lies in material wealth, and in the comfort and security associated with it. Daisy seems to be easily impressed by material success, as when she is touring Gatsby's mansion and seems deeply moved by his collection of fine, tailored shirts. It would seem that Tom's relative wealth, also, had at one time impressed her enough to win her in marriage. In contrast to that, Gatsby seems to not care a bit about money itself, but rather only about the possibility that it can win over Daisy. In fact, Gatsby's extreme generosity gives the reader the impression that Gatsby would otherwise have never even worked at attaining wealth had it not been for Daisy. For Gatsby, the only thing of real importance was his pursuit of Daisy. It would seem that these elements are combined, too in the character Myrtle. à Myrtle is, as Daisy, impressed with Tom's wealth and appearance, but, like Jay Gatsby, is stuck in a fantastic, idealized perception of her object of affection. Even when abused and trampled over by Tom, Myrtle continues to adore him, just as Gatsby continues to dote upon Daisy after being obviously rejected by her. As far as ethical considerations, Gatsby tends to prove himself a sincere and caring person, while Daisy and Tom just destroy the lives of two people and then leave town to escape the consequences of their actions. gatmoral Moral and Emotional Range of The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays The Moral and Emotional Range of The Great Gatsby à Throughout Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, there is a broad spectrum of moral and social views demonstrated by various characters.à At one end, is Tom, a man who attacks Gatsby's sense of propriety and legitimacy, while thinking nothing of running roughshod over the lives of those around him. A direct opposite of Tom's nature is Gatsby, who displays great generosity and caring, yet will stop at nothing to achieve his dream of running off with Daisy. The moral and emotional characteristics of Gastby and Tom are juxtaposed, Tom, the immoral character and Gastby, the moral character while the other characters' moral and emotional developments appear between these two. à à à à At first glance, The Great Gatsby is merely a classic American tragedy, portraying the story of a man's obsession with a fantasy, and his resulting downfall. However, Fitzgerald seems to weave much more than that into the intricate web of emotional interactions he creates for the reader. One interesting element is the concepts of greatness each has. For Daisy, it lies in material wealth, and in the comfort and security associated with it. Daisy seems to be easily impressed by material success, as when she is touring Gatsby's mansion and seems deeply moved by his collection of fine, tailored shirts. It would seem that Tom's relative wealth, also, had at one time impressed her enough to win her in marriage. In contrast to that, Gatsby seems to not care a bit about money itself, but rather only about the possibility that it can win over Daisy. In fact, Gatsby's extreme generosity gives the reader the impression that Gatsby would otherwise have never even worked at attaining wealth had it not been for Daisy. For Gatsby, the only thing of real importance was his pursuit of Daisy. It would seem that these elements are combined, too in the character Myrtle. à Myrtle is, as Daisy, impressed with Tom's wealth and appearance, but, like Jay Gatsby, is stuck in a fantastic, idealized perception of her object of affection. Even when abused and trampled over by Tom, Myrtle continues to adore him, just as Gatsby continues to dote upon Daisy after being obviously rejected by her. As far as ethical considerations, Gatsby tends to prove himself a sincere and caring person, while Daisy and Tom just destroy the lives of two people and then leave town to escape the consequences of their actions. sharonknight186http://www.blogger.com/profile/05473254612851643007noreply@blogger.com0