Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Why Do Crimes Occur As Well As What Makes Offenders Commit...

There are several theory’s that have been developed to answer the question of why do crimes occur as well as what makes offenders commit crimes (Lilly, Cullen and Ball, 2011). One of the first theories developed was Classical School theory. Classical theory focuses on the offender as a whole and how he or she wants to commit the crime due to free will (Lilly, Cullen, and Ball, 2011). While reading through an article written in The New York Times, there was a crime that was discussed that has become an important topic in the media. The title of this article is â€Å"Prosecutors to Seek Death Penalty for Dylann Roof in Charleston Shootings†, written by; Chris Dixon. The article was interesting considering it showed the classical theory is still in effect in today’s era. The article’s topic discussed about an offender named Dylann Roof. Roof walked into a church located in Charleston, South Carolina (Dixon, 2015). Dylann Roof sat in a bible study for an hour before he discharged his weapon, killing nine innocent people that ranged in ages, from 26-87 years old (Dixon, 2015). Roof being the age of 21 when the incident occurred, had time to change his judgment, and walk back out of the church with no violence. Classical theory states that free will is what makes law abiding citizens change to violent offenders, and this is what occurred in the Charleston murder case. There was a time while roof was observing the bible study to change his intent and walk out of that church on thatShow MoreRelatedThe Classical School Of Criminology996 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies scientists and researchers have been trying to figure out what makes people commit crimes and what they can do to deter them from committing future crimes. In the 1800’s and th e early 1900’s crimes and the severity of crimes increased. Punishment in this day and time was considered to be cruel and excessive; to make you feel pain for the crime you committed was the ultimate point (Freilich, 2015). If you committed a crime you could be beaten, hanged, tortured or if you stole something, youRead MoreRational Choice Theory Vs Routine Activity Theory1299 Words   |  6 Pagesexamine why a person would commit a crime in the first place. In this paper, I will explain that these two theories are as well as compare and contrast the two theories. Routine Activity Theory was developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen. Routine activity theory helps identify criminal activity and behavior through explanation in crime rate. (Cohen Felson,1979). Cohen and Felson said that the number of possible offenders or offender motivation does not actually affect the crime rate. RoutineRead MoreTheories and Burglary1584 Words   |  7 Pages1970’s meant to explain crime and victimization. The routine activities theory is based off of the assumption made in previous theories such as deterrence and rational choice theory, which offenders rationally think out criminal behaviors before they engage in them. This assumption includes the theory that offenders calculate risks and consequences before committing a crime. The routine activities theory suggests that there are three elements that contribute to whether a crime will be committed or notRead MoreRoutine Activities Theory : The Classical School Of Criminological Theory1354 Words   |  6 PagesRoutine activities theory or RAT was originally proposed by the classical school of criminological theory. Classical school theorists believe that humans are rational individuals who make decisions based on their own free will. In short, humans oftentimes make decisions after taking into consideration the risk versus reward associated with the behavior. Essentially, routine activities theory draws from Amos Hawley’s (1950) theory of human ecology. This theory explores the terrestrial aspects of humanRead MoreCorrections and the Criminal Justice System1166 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribes the punishment of offenders for the crimes they have committed. Corrections does not always mean punishment; in the United States they expect their inmates to read the bible to reflect on their wrongdoings. In the criminal justice system there are three major components: police, courts, and corrections. The police investigate crimes and arrest suspects handing over the evidenc e and investigative information to the court system. Prosecutors determine whether a crime has been committed and ifRead MoreRunning Head:. Response Paper 1 Response Paper 3. Advanced1277 Words   |  6 PagesArizona State University Response Paper Crime in the 20th century has become one of the most widely studied areas of research. Today, I am going to briefly outline some of the theories of crime that are used to study the subject. What I will be evaluating these theories against will be small scale property crime such as theft. Classical theory states that crime is committed when there are more benefits to committing the crime than punishments. It also states that crime is a choice and is done with freeRead MoreThe Theory Of Crime And Crime1260 Words   |  6 PagesResponse Paper Crime in the 20th century has become one of the most widely studied areas of research. Today, I am going too briefly outline some of the theories of crime that are used to study the subject. What I will be evaluating these theories against will be small scale property crime such as theft. Classical theory states that crime is committed when there are more benefits to committing the crime than punishments. It also states that crime is a choice and is done with free will (BeccariaRead MoreYouth Criminal Justice Act Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagesmajority of juveniles are involved in impulsive or risky, even delinquent behaviors during their teenage years. However, the majority go on to become very productive citizens who do not commit crimes. In order for this to continue the government established the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) which gives young offenders a chance to better themselves, and. By doing so, the YCJA helps teach youth that their actions are unacceptable and the punishments imposed are lesser then an adult. Through theRead MoreWhy People Commit Crime? Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pages The term criminal desistance refers to when offenders desist, or stop, committing crime. Desistance from crime exists when an individual has an absence of criminal be havior in their lives for a sustained period of time. By studying desistance, there is a better understanding of what causes individuals to commit crime; as well as, a better understanding as to why certain individuals discontinue their lives of crime. The criminal justice field often encompasses, serving justice by locking peopleRead MoreThe Deterrence Theory By Thomas Hobbes1347 Words   |  6 PagesDeterrence Theory then came into play when it was time for a person to take up for their actions that person has caused and, being able to pay the price at hand for what they have done without being able to put the blame on another person or get away with it without being sure that you would also get the proper punishment. The reason why this theory has more than one theorist is due to â€Å" once one looks in detail at cases of international conflict, it becomes apparent that the participants almost never

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Training for Parents of Children with Disabilities

Parents play a significant role in the lives of all children but more specifically, of those children with disabilities. The participation of the parents and the degree of acceptance of the presence of a disability, determines most of the outcomes when the child is ready for an independent life. The law requires that school districts offer support to parents of children with disabilities. By offering In Home Training, school districts’ staff provides specific skill training to parents in need of other alternatives to manage and cope with the effects of their child’s disability. However, training is not the solution for this, as active parental involvement is. Parents that take a stand accept their reality and are ready to do something about it, are more likely to be successful by learning strategies that will help the child generalize behaviors that are more socially appropriate. Parental involvement is the most important part of the equation. Legislation is clear to mandate the involvement of school and home as a partnership that will benefit not only the child, but everyone involved in the household and school. Dettmer, Thurston, Knackendoffel and Dyck (2009) cite the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 as one of the legal pieces that â€Å"prescribe several rights for families of children with disabilities.† Many other legal pieces address parental participation in the decision making process and all services provided to children. According to No ChildShow MoreRelatedEducating Children With A Disability1234 Words   |  5 Pages Children come to this world without the parents knowing what the child may be born with but as a family we give love and care for all of our children. â€Å"Special disability â€Å"shouldn’t be a category to children who were born with a disability they were born into this w orld they are no different from you and I. Some parents believe that when their children graduate high school life is over for their amazing children .These parents are blocking or either ignorant to look for opportunitiesRead MoreSpecial Needs Children Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages2017Benefits of parental training for guardians or care providers expecting a special needs child.When having a child most people become overwhelmed with happiness and joy, but with that come the stress of raising that child. Preparation is an important process whether you are biologically giving birth or adopting. With all the stress that comes along with having a child without a disability, what happen a special needs child is born. Depending on the type of disability said person has and whereRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Needs Student849 Words   |  4 Pagesdealing with children who have special needs. This teacher was trained to understand the method used when working with a child who wil l unintentionally cause harm to themselves or others. A parent needs to understand that unconventional methods must be used with children who learn unconventionally. This research will show readers that each student needs their own educational methods, which work around any special needs they may have. Schools have developed parent training that will help parents understandRead MoreEffective Methods For Accommodating Students With Disabilities Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Question: What are effective methods for accommodating students’ with disabilities in inclusive settings in elementary schools? Preface The right to equal education should be in reach of all students’ regardless of their educational needs and backgrounds. The barriers that students’ with disabilities face are evident in today’s public school education. We as educators sometimes ignore the capabilities of some of our disabled students’ and impede them from achieving their fullest potentialRead MoreEducating Students With Children With Disabilities969 Words   |  4 Pagesregular classroom teachers being expected to work with children with disabilities such as dyslexia, physically challenged, hyperactive or emotionally troubled. Another definition of mainstreaming is placing special-needs children in the â€Å"least restrictive environment†. The idea of mainstreaming is to help the students with disabilities feel more connected to other students, but in reality it can challenge the teachers that does not have the training and support to help benefit the students needs (SacksRead More Inclusion Has Been A Major Topic Between Educators And1576 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion has been a major topic between educators and parents of special needs children for years. Many believe that it would a good idea to educate general education children in the same classroom along with special needs children, including those with multiple disabilities. And then there are many that believe special education and general education can actually can be accomplished in one classroom along with one general education teacher and one special education teacher working together , teachingRead MoreThe Role Of Special Education For Children With Special Needs1289 Words   |  6 Pagesand interests is essential in teaching those with disabilities. It is true that disabilities intersect with learning. For example, a disability may interfere with family or peer relationships and school performance if a student displays troublesome behaviors. Children with disabilities may sometimes be seen as â€Å"different† by other children. This may lead to being excluded from peer relationships and experiences of social isolation. However, children with special needs may experience good mental healthRead MoreThe Medical Model : Where Disability Is Viewed As An Impairment952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe medical model, where disability is viewed as an impairment to be cured or prevented. This view may significantly inform the kind of service and treatment doctors provide or recommend for these individuals. In fact, researchers and doctors themselves have voiced concerns that medical practitioners do not undergo sufficient training to address disability and sexuality (Barbuto Napolitano, 2014; Gilmore Malcolm, 2014). Doctors need to be well informed about the issues in this area and supportiveRead MoreAnnotated Table Of Contents : Forward And Preamble1331 Words   |  6 Pagespolicies to which the local educational agencies and schools located in the State are subject under the federal statute and regulations. Also under federal regulations and policies is the IDEA ‘04, which is a school system that helps enable children with disabilities. These regulations became effective by the Board of Education on July 7, 2009 and were reissued January 25, 2010. The regulations include: federal regulations, state statue, and state regulations. There are copies of these regulationsRead MoreThe Target Student With Ebd And Ld889 Words   |  4 Pagessupporting students with disabilities to be independent learners and be prepared for life outside the school. â€Æ' Results This interview of four teachers and parents showed surprisingly positive feedback about inclusion. Both parents of children with disabilities and non-disabilities had positive attitudes toward inclusion. Parents with non-disabled children said that their children became more educated about other disabilities, more empathetic toward students with disabilities, and also improved

Monday, December 9, 2019

Importance Of Valid Consent In Healthcare †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Importance Of Valid Consent In Healthcare. Answer: In healthcare, valid consent is an essential component where the healthcare provider discloses information to a patient who is competent enough to make voluntary choice in accepting or refusing treatment. It is the legal and ethical rights of a patient to know and direct what happens to their body However, there are various forms of barrier that is witnessed in getting a valid consent from the patient. In the given case study, Lalah Khalili, a 14-year-old girl is suspected with post-traumatic stress disorder and to give her a mild sedative, conduct and ECG and take a blood test, a valid informed consent is required. However, she is a minor and lack judgment power to make able decisions for her. In such cases, her parents have to provide a valid consent, but they have limited English ability. Therefore, the following essay deals with the discussion of importance of valid consent, barriers for the valid consent and solutions for getting the valid consent. A person who has the capacity to make effective decisions about a specific issue gives valid consent and free from any influence or manipulation that might alter the decisions made as stated by Queensland Health, Australia (Queensland Health, 2013). When a transparent decision is made between the patient and healthcare professional, it offers balance and sensitivity to the situation. Information must be given to the patient or any reasonable person who can make reasonable valid consent in the patients position. Impaired informed consent leads to 11.5% of conciliated complaints and 3.4% of medical negligence in the valid consent process (Grady, 2015). Moreover, a person who is minor (below 18 years of age) is considered minor and requires parents or a legal guardian to provide valid consent on behalf of the childs treatment. However, under the Australian Law, teenagers are recognized as competent to provide informed consent for themselves, as they get older. Parents and their minor ch ildren hold concurrent rights in providing consent for treatment for minor patients below the age of 18 years. There is various type of consent like implied, verbal and written form. In the given case study, although Lalah Khalili has the ability to make decisions for herself, it should be taken under the vigilance of her parents. In healthcare, nurses have the responsibility to work within the law that shape their nursing practice. Under Registered Nurse Standards for Practice in Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), valid consent is an ethical and legal obligation. Failure to obtain a valid consent is considered a criminal offence and tort of law (Cashin et al., 2017). They have the obligation to work under ethical frameworks when they make efficient decisions during assessment, planning, action and evaluation. In the given case study, before the administration of mild sedative, conduction of ECG and blood test, a valid informed consent is important to obtain. However, there are barriers witnessed in this situation that will be discussed in the next section. A nurse should take care of the fact that the patient is providing her consent to the treatment procedures voluntarily and without any coercion feelings. She should be able to understand the intervention elements and make a necessary choice for receiving the intervention. However, one major issue that occurs in obtaining valid consent of minors in health intervention is the disruption of balance between the vulnerability and immaturity of the minor and the right to get emancipated from parents decisions. The physicians and nurses are not supposed to assume that a patient lacks the capacity of providing consent based on her behavior, age, appearance, disability, beliefs, literacy or socioeconomic status, or mental health condition (such as post traumatic stress disorder). Age influences, language barriers and mental stigma can hinder effective communication between the nurse and the patient while obtaining consent. The nurses should take care of the fact that valid consent will have t o be provided to the patient, Lalah Khalili in a language that she and her parents can comprehend and understand. It is known that she and her brother are good English speakers. If the consent is provided to her in English language, the quality of interpretation of the consent will be correct. However, if there is the use of a language not known to her, it can lead to misunderstandings and incorrect responses. Furthermore, her parents should also be involved in the process of providing consent owing to her young age. If her parents are non-English speaking, poor translations from the staff can lead to dangerous misinterpretations and misdiagnosis (Lee et al., 2017). This will lead to decline in patient care quality and satisfaction. Another barrier is the age of the patient. Australian laws related to medical treatment recognize that patients aged 18 years or more have the legal capacity to make decisions related to self healthcare (Bismark et al., 2012). Prior to 18 years of age, t he legal guardian or parents are entitled to provide consent to the medical treatment of their child. Minors are generally not allowed to give consent to own treatment, except when they are in the military or married. However, the law states that teenagers become competent with development and are at times capable to get involved in the process of obtaining the consent (Law Reform Commission, 2008). Depending on the age and competency, minors can be approached for participation in giving valid consent. The nurses and physicians would have to judge the each patient based on their individual capacity. Moreover, the nurses will also have to evaluate whether the patient demonstrates sufficient knowledge of her health condition and a sound understanding of the necessary medical interventions that include the adverse effects that can occurs and the impending dangers that can arise if she withdraws from the treatment. Another barrier that can arise while obtaining consent is the patients medical condition (Spatz, E. S., Krumholz, H. M., Moulton, B. W. 2016). She has been admitted after an episode of post traumatic stress disorder. This condition can arise as a result of some traumatic experience and is a form of anxiety disorder. Often patients suffering from PTSD witness some events that create an impact on their mental health. The concerned patient and her parents may not allow cons ent to therapeutic interventions due to fear of stigmatization from the mental condition, embarrassment issues and fear of less availability of specialist therapies. The altered mental state of the patient may make her incompetent to judge the process of intended medical treatment. This will create a hindrance in giving consent for interventions. Nursingprofession recognizes human rights universally and regards safeguarding patient dignity as a moral responsibility. According to the code of ethics for Australian nurses, they should value informed consent and decision making while catering to the needs of their patients. They should value the moral and legal right of all patients to participate in decision-making events related to their healthcare concerns (Nursing Council, 2008). This involves avoiding any cultural stereotype based assumptions. They should use relevant illustrations and written information to depict the patients current physical condition and the possible route of therapeutic intervention. They should arrange for a qualified health interpreter to overcome language barriers prior to consultation (Douglas et al., 2012). A registered nurse who has undergone extensive training is eligible to take delegated consent. Nurses should also respect and recognize their patients wishes once the latter is fully informed a nd has the capability of take decisions. However, if the patient declines giving consent to any life-saving treatment methods, the nurse should immediately consult substitute decision makers and seek second opinion from medical practitioners. When the patients are unable to provide consent owing to young age, disabilities or legal constraints, the nurses should recognize and efficiently utilize the contribution made by parents or legal guardians for providing effective treatment facilities. Nurses should be knowledgeable about these circumstances and should facilitate the role of partners, family members and friends in decision-making processes. Patients with limited literacy on health issues should be described the plan for medical treatment to fill in the gaps in their analysis of the current situation. The reason for ambivalence shown by the patient should be ascertained (Simonds, Garroutte Buchwald, 2017). They should be given time to reflect on the suggestions provided and to reconsider their health status. The social and cultural history of the patient should also be considered in case it poses a hindrance in giving consent. Any form of stigmatizing attitudes associated with mental health status should be removed ( WA Health, 2016). This can be done by creating awareness among the patient and the family members regarding the underlying causes of mental disturbances and the effective treatment procedures that can be adopted to reduce the symptoms. It is the legal and ethical obligation of a nurse to inform patients about the risks associated with noncompliance. They should also reassure their patients that the medical team will provide the best facilities to help the patient. Regardless of whether consent is obtained or not, nurses should document all details relevant to the proposed treatment (Hoeyer Hogle, 2014). Well documented consent will verify that the nurse and physicians have met their obligations in providing necessary information to the concerned patient about possible treatment options. From the above discussion, it can be witnessed that obtaining a valid consent is important in the healthcare and nursing practice. Healthcare professionals have to work in accordance with the law and ethics to provide the best quality of care and ensure patient safety. In the case study of Lalah Khalili, various barriers were observed while obtaining an informed consent like language, age and lack of health literacy. As she is a minor, her parents must be involved in obtaining the informed consent before the diagnosis and treatment process. Moreover, her parents have limited English ability and in such cases qualified medical interpreter is required who would provide accurate information to Lalah and her family that aid in taking able decisions for her PTSD treatment. References Bismark, M. M., Gogos, A. J., McCombe, D., Clark, R. B., Gruen, R. L., Studdert, D. M. (2012). Legal disputes over informed consent for cosmetic procedures: a descriptive study of negligence claims and complaints in Australia.Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery,65(11), 1506-1512. Cashin, A., Heartfield, M., Bryce, J., Devey, L., Buckley, T., Cox, D., ... Fisher, M. (2017). Standards for practice for registered nurses in Australia. Collegian, 24(3), 255-266. Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G., Crisp, J., Taylor, C. (2012).Potter Perry's fundamentals of nursing-Australian version. Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Grady, C. (2015). Enduring and emerging challenges of informed consent. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(9), 855-862. Hoeyer, K., Hogle, L. F. (2014). Informed consent: The politics of intent and practice in medical research ethics.Annual Review of Anthropology,43, 347-362. Law Reform Commission. (2008).Young People and Consent to Health Care. Law Reform Commission: Sydney.Retrieved from: https://www.lawreform.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/Reports/Report-119.pdf Lee, J. S., Prez-Stable, E. J., Gregorich, S. E., Crawford, M. H., Green, A., Livaudais-Toman, J., Karliner, L. S. (2017). Increased access to professional interpreters in the hospital improves informed consent for patients with limited English proficiency.Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1-8. Nursing, A., Council, M. (2008).Codes of Professional Conduct Ethics for Nurses Midwives in Australia 2008. Nurses Board of South Australia. Queensland Health. (2013).Delegated consent position statement. Retrieved from: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/156082/delegated_consent_pos_sta.pdf Simonds, V. W., Garroutte, E. M., Buchwald, D. (2017). Health Literacy and Informed Consent Materials: Designed for Documentation, Not Comprehension of Health Research.Journal of Health Communication, 1-10. Spatz, E. S., Krumholz, H. M., Moulton, B. W. (2016). Informed Consent and the Reasonable-Patient StandardReply.Jama,316(9), 993-994. WA Health. (2016). Consent to Treatment Policy. Retrieved from: https://www.health.wa.gov.au/circularsnew/attachments/1135.pdf

Sunday, December 1, 2019

The Devil in the Details free essay sample

Recently we’ve been looking at 2 videos talking about carbon. One says carbon is good for us and that without it we would die and the other one says that carbon has to be reduced in a serious way. In the carbon footprints video she says that we are stupid because we think we have to start changing the way we think saying that carbon is the worst that could’ve happened in our world. She explains that years ago we had more carbon than now, well she is telling a true fact that is that we had more carbon, because now we don’t burn so much things as we did years ago, an luckily we have change also our point of view and started to recognize that carbon isn’t good for us. She says we’ve made a nonsense act, we’ve made carbon disappear. In the other video of Cap and Trade it explains the contrary idea from the carbon footprints video. We will write a custom essay sample on The Devil in the Details or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It says that in America carbon is over loading. Things have gone further than it’s supposed to be, because they have been using a lot of carbon in everything and it should be controlled. So they created a plan, a way to reduce this waste, by also making profit from it. Cap and Trade makes a bit more sense, well I only agree with the Cap part that means reducing carbon by a certain percent, but the Trade part is the part which I don’t agree much with, it explains that when they reduce the carbon they give some permits a year of the amount of pollutance that each one should make, each year it would be reduce, some companies create another way of building clean alternatives to maintain their work constant and give their permits to other companies that really need them so here they start gaining money, but the carbon pollutance isn’t changing. So it’s not as effective as it seems. In conclusion we should always be in the middle, not expanding our carbon waste, but never stop producing it.